Statistical Indicator Glossary

Description A Accident at work An accident at work is a discrete occurrence during the course of work which leads to physical or mental harm. The phrase ’in the course of work’ means whilst engaged in an occupational activity or during the time spent at work. This includes cases of road traffic accidents in the course of work but excludes accidents during the journey between home and the workplace. The following types of accidents are covered or not, respectively, by the above definition.

• Cases included:

• cases of acute poisoning;

• wilful acts of other persons;

• accidents that occurred on the premises of an employer other than that which employs the victim; this might include accidents during attendance at meetings or in the course of providing services on the premises of another employer visited for that purpose, during the course of the victim’s work;

• accidents in public places or public means of transport during a journey in the course of work.

• Cases excluded:

• commuting accidents: accidents that occur during the normal journey to or from home and place of work, i.e. road accidents that occur during the journey between the worker’s principal or secondary residence and the workplace, or while picking up children from school; accidents between home and a location attended for work-related training or between the workplace and a restaurant at which an employee habitually has lunch are excluded unless the restaurant is on company (5) premises; •deliberate self-inflicted injuries;

• accidents from strictly natural causes: accidents caused solely by a medical condition, e.g. cardiac or cerebral incidents, or any other sudden-onset medical condition that occurred during work, without any obvious link to the occupational activity of the victim;

• accidents, purely private: accidents in which the victims are not at their workplace, carrying out activities which are not work-related, for example, visiting a shop, a town hall, bank, station, hospital, post office, port, airport, etc.;

• accidents to members of the public, even if such an accident is due to a work activity within a company; this includes the family members of an employee or employer if they are on the premises of the company and become victims of an accident, i.e. children in, for example, the nursery in the company; Such accidents should not be counted as accidents at work although responsible employers would

Accidents to one or more persons that are either hit by a railway vehicle or part of it or hit by an object attached to or that has become detached from the vehicle. Persons that fall from railway vehicles are included, as well as persons that fall or are hit by loose objects when travelling on-board vehicles.

Activity rate is the percentage of active persons in relation to the comparable total population. The economically active population comprises employed and unemployed persons.

Actual individual consumption, abbreviated as AIC, refers to all goods and services actually consumed by households. It encompasses consumer goods and services purchased directly by households, as well as services provided by non-profit institutions and the government for individual consumption (e.g., health and education services). In international comparisons, the term is usually preferred over the narrower concept of household consumption, because the latter is influenced by the extent to which non-profit institutions and general government act as service providers. Although GDP per capita is an important and widely used indicator of countries’ level of economic welfare, consumption per capita may be more useful for comparing the relative welfare of consumers across various countries. AIC per capita is usually highly correlated with GDP per capita, because AIC is, in practice, by far the biggest expenditure component of GDP.

Hospital bed numbers provide information on healthcare capacities, in other words on the maximum number of patients who can be treated by hospitals. Hospital beds are those which are regularly maintained and staffed and immediately available for the care of admitted patients. They cover beds accommodating patients who are formally admitted (or hospitalised) to an institution for treatment and/or care and who stay for a minimum of one night.

These include: beds in all hospitals, including general hospitals, mental health and substance abuse hospitals, and other specialty hospitals, irrespective of whether the bed is occupied or not. The statistics presented exclude surgical tables, recovery trolleys, emergency stretchers, beds for same-day care, cots for healthy infants, beds in wards which were closed for any reason, provisional and temporary beds, or beds in nursing and residential care facilities. A curative care bed or acute care bed is a hospital bed available for curative care; these form a subgroup of total hospital beds.

Adult unemployment rate is the percentage of the unemployed in the age group 25 years old and over compared with the total labour force (both employed and unemployed) in that age group.

Age of vehicle is the length of time after the first registration of the goods road vehicle, irrespective of the registering country.

Fertility is the ability to conceive (become pregnant) and give birth to children. The total fertility rate is defined as the mean number of children who would be born to a woman during her lifetime, if she were to spend her childbearing years conforming to the age-specific fertility rates, that have been measured in a given year. The age-specific fertility rate or the fertility rate by age of mother is the number of births to mothers of age x proportional to the average female population of age x.

Agricultural area, abbreviated as AA, (or utilised agricultural area abbreviated as UAA) describes the area used for farming. It includes the land categories: arable land; permanent grassland; permanent crops; other agricultural land such as kitchen gardens (even if they only represent small areas of total UAA). The term does not include unused agricultural land, woodland and land occupied by buildings, farmyards, tracks, ponds, etc.

The main indicator for agricultural income is the 'factor income per labour input' expressed in annual work units (AWU).

A set of 28 agri-environmental indicators, sometimes abbreviated as AEI, has been proposed for monitoring the integration of environmental concerns into the Common agricultural policy (CAP).

In the context of the 'Renewed EU Sustainable Development Strategy', these indicators serve to:

•provide information on the farmed environment;

•track the impact of agriculture on the environment;

•assess the impact of agricultural and environmental policies on environmental management of farms;

•inform agricultural and environmental policy decisions;

•illustrate agri-environmental relationships to the broader public

One annual work unit, abbreviated as AWU, corresponds to the work performed by one person who is occupied on an agricultural holding on a fulltime basis. Full-time means the minimum hours required by the relevant national provisions governing contracts of employment.

If the national provisions do not indicate the number of hours, then 1 800 hours are taken to be the minimum annual working hours: equivalent to 225 working days of eight hours each.

Apparent labour productivity is defined as value added at factor costs divided by the number of persons employed. This ratio is generally presented in thousands of euros per person employed.

Arrivals in the context of international trade refers to goods that are in free circulation within the European Union and which enter the statistical territory of a given Member State.

An application for international protection refers to an application for asylum as defined in Art. 2(h) of European Union (EU) Directive 2011/95/EU, i.e. including requests for refugee status or for subsidiary protection status, irrespective of whether the application was lodged on arrival at the border, or from inside the country, and irrespective of whether the person entered the territory legally (e.g. as a tourist) or illegally.

(Asylum) recognition rate is defined as the share of positive decisions in the total number of asylum decisions for each stage of the asylum procedure (i.e. first instance and final on appeal). The total number of decisions consists of the sum of positive and negative decisions. Calculation of the overall recognition rate for all stages of the asylum procedure cannot be made due to lacking information linking the outcomes at first instance and final on appeal for each person concerned. As some of the applicants rejected at the first instance and who lodged an appeal in the same year receive a final negative decision, it would lead to multiplication of some rejected applicants and would cause underestimation of the overall recognition rate. Final decisions on appeal statistics broken down by the year of the first instance rejection would be required to avoid this multiplication.

At risk of poverty or social exclusion, abbreviated as AROPE, refers to the situation of people either at risk of poverty, or severely materially deprived or living in a household with a very low work intensity. The AROPE rate, the share of the total population which is at risk of poverty or social exclusion, is the headline indicator to monitor the EU 2020 Strategy poverty target.

The at-risk-of-poverty rate is the share of people with an equivalised disposable income (after social transfer) below the at-risk-of-poverty threshold, which is set at 60 % of the national median equivalised disposable income after social transfers. This indicator does not measure wealth or poverty, but low income in comparison to other residents in that country, which does not necessarily imply a low standard of living. The at-risk-of-poverty rate before social transfers is calculated as the share of people having an equivalised disposable income before social transfers that is below the at-risk-of-poverty threshold calculated after social transfers. Pensions, such as old-age and survivors’ (widows' and widowers') benefits, are counted as income (before social transfers) and not as social transfers. This indicator examines the hypothetical non-existence of social transfers. The persistent at-risk-of-poverty rate shows the percentage of the population living in households where the equivalised disposable income was below the at-risk-of-poverty threshold for the current year and at least two out of the preceding three years. Its calculation requires a longitudinal instrument, through which the individuals are followed over four years.

The relative median at-risk-of-poverty rate gap is calculated as the difference between the median equivalised disposable income of people below the at-riskof-poverty threshold and the at-risk-of-poverty threshold, expressed as a percentage of the at-risk-of-poverty threshold (cut-off point: 60% of median equivalised income).

The at-risk-of-poverty rate is the share of people with an equivalised disposable income (after social transfer) below the at-risk-of-poverty threshold, which is set at 60 % of the national median equivalised disposable income after social transfers. This indicator does not measure wealth or poverty, but low income in comparison to other residents in that country, which does not necessarily imply a low standard of living. The at-risk-of-poverty rate before social transfers is calculated as the share of people having an equivalised disposable income before social transfers that is below the at-risk-of-poverty threshold calculated after social transfers.

Pensions, such as old-age and survivors’ (widows' and widowers') benefits, are counted as income (before social transfers) and not as social transfers. This indicator examines the hypothetical non-existence of social transfers. The persistent at-risk-of-poverty rate shows the percentage of the population living in households where the equivalised disposable income was below the at-risk-of-poverty threshold for the current year and at least two out of the preceding three years. Its calculation requires a longitudinal instrument, through which the individuals are followed over four years.

The at-risk-of-poverty rate is the share of people with an equivalised disposable income (after social transfer) below the at-risk-of-poverty threshold, which is set at 60 % of the national median equivalised disposable income after social transfers. This indicator does not measure wealth or poverty, but low income in comparison to other residents in that country, which does not necessarily imply a low standard of living. The at-risk-of-poverty rate before social transfers is calculated as the share of people having an equivalised disposable income before social transfers that is below the at-risk-of-poverty threshold calculated after social transfers. Pensions, such as old-age and survivors’ (widows' and widowers') benefits, are counted as income (before social transfers) and not as social transfers. This indicator examines the hypothetical non-existence of social transfers. The persistent at-risk-of-poverty rate shows the percentage of the population living in households where the equivalised disposable income was below the at-risk-of-poverty threshold for the current year and at least two out of the preceding three years. Its calculation requires a longitudinal instrument, through which the individuals are followed over four years.

Labour cost or total labour cost is the total expenditure borne by employers for employing staff. Total labour cost consists of:

•employee compensation (including wages, salaries in cash and in kind, employers’ social security contributions);

•vocational training costs;

•other expenditure such as recruitment costs, spending on working clothes and employment taxes regarded as labour costs;

•minus any subsidies received. Eurostat publishes annually the following three core indicators: average monthly labour cost: total labour cost per month divided by the corresponding number of employees (including apprentices), expressed as full-time equivalents; average hourly labour cost: total labour cost divided by the corresponding number of hours worked; structure of labour cost: wages and salaries, employers’ social security contributions and other labour costs, expressed as a percentage of total labour cost. Beside these annual labour cost data collection Eurostat also publishes the detailed results of the four-yearly Labour cost survey (LCS) and the series of the quarterly labour cost index (LCI). The Eurostat definition closely follows the international one laid down by the International Conference of Labour Statisticians (Geneva, 1966) in its resolution on the statistics of labour cost. The labour cost includes both direct and indirect costs. Direct costs (compensation of employees): gross wages and salaries paid in cash; direct remuneration (pay) and bonuses; wages and salaries in kind (company products, housing, company cars, meal vouchers, crèches, etc.). Direct costs are dominated by wages and salaries paid in cash.

•Indirect costs: employers’ actual social contributions (i.e. statutory, collectively agreed, contractual and voluntary social security contributions); employers’ imputed social contributions (mostly guaranteed pay in the event of sickness or short-time working, plus severance pay and compensation instead of notice); vocational training costs; recruitment costs and work clothes given by the employer; taxes paid by the employer (based on their wages and salaries bill or on the numbers they employ) minus subsidies received by the employer (intended to refund part or all of the cost of direct pay). Indirect costs are dominated by employers’ actual social contributions, in particular by employers’ statutory social security contributions

Labour cost or total labour cost is the total expenditure borne by employers for employing staff. Total labour cost consists of: employee compensation (including wages, salaries in cash and in kind, employers’ social security contributions); vocational training costs; other expenditure such as recruitment costs, spending on working clothes and employment taxes regarded as labour costs; minus any subsidies received. Eurostat publishes annually the following three core indicators:

•average monthly labour cost: total labour cost per month divided by the corresponding number of employees (including apprentices), expressed as fulltime equivalents; •average hourly labour cost: total labour cost divided by the corresponding number of hours worked;

•structure of labour cost: wages and salaries, employers’ social security contributions and other labour costs, expressed as a percentage of total labour cost. Beside these annual labour cost data collection Eurostat also publishes the detailed results of the four-yearly Labour cost survey (LCS) and the series of the quarterly labour cost index (LCI). The Eurostat definition closely follows the international one laid down by the International Conference of Labour Statisticians (Geneva, 1966) in its resolution on the statistics of labour cost. The labour cost includes both direct and indirect costs. Direct costs (compensation of employees): gross wages and salaries paid in cash; direct remuneration (pay) and bonuses; wages and salaries in kind (company products, housing, company cars, meal vouchers, crèches, etc.). Direct costs are dominated by wages and salaries paid in cash.

•Indirect costs: employers’ actual social contributions (i.e. statutory, collectively agreed, contractual and voluntary social security contributions); employers’ imputed social contributions (mostly guaranteed pay in the event of sickness or short-time working, plus severance pay and compensation instead of notice); vocational training costs; recruitment costs and work clothes given by the employer; taxes paid by the employer (based on their wages and salaries bill or on the numbers they employ); minus subsidies received by the employer (intended to refund part or all of the cost of direct pay). Indirect costs are dominated by employers’ actual social contributions, in particular by employers’ statutory social security contributions.

Labour cost or total labour cost is the total expenditure borne by employers for employing staff.

Total labour cost consists of:

•employee compensation (including wages, salaries in cash and in kind, employers’ social security contributions);

•vocational training costs;

•other expenditure such as recruitment costs, spending on working clothes and employment taxes regarded as labour costs;

•minus any subsidies received. Eurostat publishes annually the following three core indicators: average monthly labour cost: total labour cost per month divided by the corresponding number of employees (including apprentices), expressed as full-time equivalents; average hourly labour cost: total labour cost divided by the corresponding number of hours worked; structure of labour cost: wages and salaries, employers’ social security contributions and other labour costs, expressed as a percentage of total labour cost. Beside these annual labour cost data collection Eurostat also publishes the detailed results of the four-yearly Labour cost survey (LCS) and the series of the quarterly labour cost index (LCI). The Eurostat definition closely follows the international one laid down by the International Conference of Labour Statisticians (Geneva, 1966) in its resolution on the statistics of labour cost. The labour cost includes both direct and indirect costs.

•Direct costs (compensation of employees): gross wages and salaries paid in cash; direct remuneration (pay) and bonuses; wages and salaries in kind (company products, housing, company cars, meal vouchers, crèches, etc.). Direct costs are dominated by wages and salaries paid in cash.

•Indirect costs: employers’ actual social contributions (i.e. statutory, collectively agreed, contractual and voluntary social security contributions); employers’ imputed social contributions (mostly guaranteed pay in the event of sickness or short-time working, plus severance pay and compensation instead of notice); vocational training costs; recruitment costs and work clothes given by the employer; taxes paid by the employer (based on their wages and salaries bill or on the numbers they employ) ◦minus subsidies received by the employer (intended to refund part or all of the cost of direct pay). Indirect costs are dominated by employers’ actual social contributions, in particular by employers’ statutory social security contributions.

Hours worked is the number of hours actually worked, defined as the sum of all periods spent on direct and ancillary activities to produce goods and services. The average number of hours worked corresponds to the number of hours the person normally works. This includes all hours worked including overtime, regardless of whether they were paid. It excludes travel time between home and workplace, and main meal breaks (normally taken at midday).

Within the context of structural business statistics (SBS), personnel costs are defined as the total remuneration, in cash or in kind, payable by an employer to an employee (regular and temporary employees, as well as home-workers) in return for work done by the latter during the reference period. Personnel costs are made up of wages, salaries and employers' social security costs. They include taxes and employees' social security contributions retained by the employer, as well as the employer's compulsory and voluntary social contributions. Average personnel costs (or unit labour costs) equal personnel costs divided by the number of employees (persons who are paid and have an employment contract).

The population figure, or total population or simply population, of a given area is the total number of people in that area at a given time. For the population figures compiled by Eurostat from the data provided by European Union (EU) Member States, that time is 1st January and the resulting figure is called population on 1 January. The recommended definition is the usual resident population, representing the number of inhabitants of a given area on 1st January of the year in question (or, in some cases, on 31st December of the previous year).

The population can be based on data from the most recent census adjusted by the components of population change produced since the last census, or based on population registers. The average population during a calendar year is calculated as the arithmetic mean of the population on 1st January of two consecutive years. The average population is further used in the calculation of demographic indicators, like the crude rates per 1 000 inhabitants, and for some 'per capita' indicators.

An avoidable cause of death, also called avoidable death or avoidable mortality, is a cause of death which could be avoided and thus not result in death, through prevention or treatment. Three categories of avoidable or amenable causes can be distinguished (Simonato, 1998).

•causes avoidable through primary prevention (i.e. by reducing the incidence of the disease): including causes of death from diseases partly attributable to lifestyle factors and risk behaviours (e.g. alcohol and/or tobacco abuse resulting in lung and upper airways cancers, cirrhosis, alcoholic psychosis; unprotected sex leading to aids) and/or to occupational risk factors, but also inlcudes injury and poisoning, influenced in part by legal and societal measures such as traffic safety and crime reduction policies as well as other types of risk behaviour (dangerous driving, suicide);

•causes amenable to secondary prevention through early detection and treatment: including causes of death for which screening procedures have been established (e.g. for breast or cervical cancer), as well as causes for which death is avoidable through early detection combined with adequate treatment, such as skin cancer;

•causes amenable to improved treatment and medical care: including infectious diseases, deaths from which are ‘avoidable’ largely through antibiotic treatment and immunisation, as well as causes requiring medical and/or surgical intervention such as hypertension, appendicitis, deaths of which are related to complex interactions within the health care system, such as accurate diagnosis, transport to hospital, adequate medical and surgical care.

An avoidable cause of death, also called avoidable death or avoidable mortality, is a cause of death which could be avoided and thus not result in death, through prevention or treatment. Three categories of avoidable or amenable causes can be distinguished (Simonato, 1998).

•causes avoidable through primary prevention (i.e. by reducing the incidence of the disease): including causes of death from diseases partly attributable to lifestyle factors and risk behaviours (e.g. alcohol and/or tobacco abuse resulting in lung and upper airways cancers, cirrhosis, alcoholic psychosis; unprotected sex leading to aids) and/or to occupational risk factors, but also inlcudes injury and poisoning, influenced in part by legal and societal measures such as traffic safety and crime reduction policies as well as other types of risk behaviour (dangerous driving, suicide);

•causes amenable to secondary prevention through early detection and treatment: including causes of death for which screening procedures have been established (e.g. for breast or cervical cancer), as well as causes for which death is avoidable through early detection combined with adequate treatment, such as skin cancer;

•causes amenable to improved treatment and medical care: including infectious diseases, deaths from which are ‘avoidable’ largely through antibiotic treatment and immunisation, as well as causes requiring medical and/or surgical intervention such as hypertension, appendicitis, deaths of which are related to complex interactions within the health care system, such as accurate diagnosis, transport to hospital, adequate medical and surgical care.

An avoidable cause of death, also called avoidable death or avoidable mortality, is a cause of death which could be avoided and thus not result in death, through prevention or treatment. Three categories of avoidable or amenable causes can be distinguished (Simonato, 1998).

•causes avoidable through primary prevention (i.e. by reducing the incidence of the disease): including causes of death from diseases partly attributable to lifestyle factors and risk behaviours (e.g. alcohol and/or tobacco abuse resulting in lung and upper airways cancers, cirrhosis, alcoholic psychosis; unprotected sex leading to aids) and/or to occupational risk factors, but also inlcudes injury and poisoning, influenced in part by legal and societal measures such as traffic safety and crime reduction policies as well as other types of risk behaviour (dangerous driving, suicide);

•causes amenable to secondary prevention through early detection and treatment: including causes of death for which screening procedures have been established (e.g. for breast or cervical cancer), as well as causes for which death is avoidable through early detection combined with adequate treatment, such as skin cancer;

•causes amenable to improved treatment and medical care: including infectious diseases, deaths from which are ‘avoidable’ largely through antibiotic treatment and immunisation, as well as causes requiring medical and/or surgical intervention such as hypertension, appendicitis, deaths of which are related to complex interactions within the health care system, such as accurate diagnosis, transport to hospital, adequate medical and surgical care.

The balance of payments is a statistical summary of the transactions of a given economy with the rest of the world. It comprises three elements:

•the current account covers international transactions in goods, services, income, and current transfers;

•the financial account deals with transactions involving financial claims on, or liabilities to, the rest of the world, including international purchases of securities, such as stocks and bonds;

•the capital account covers international capital transfers (e.g. debt forgiveness) and the acquisition/disposal of non-produced, nonfinancial assets (such as patents).

A birth is defined as the start of life when a child emerges from the body of its mother. The total number of births includes both live births and stillbirths. A live birth is the birth of a child who showed any sign of life; the number of live births refers to the number of births excluding stillbirths.A stillbirth is the expulsion or extraction from the mother of a dead foetus after the time at which it would normally be presumed capable of independent extra-uterine existence (outside the uterus or womb). This is commonly taken to be after 24 or 28 weeks of gestation (the time from a child's conception to its birth).

A live birth outside marriage is a live birth where the mother’s marital status at the time of birth is other than married.The crude birth rate is the ratio of the number of births during the year to the average population in that year; the value is expressed per 1 000 inhabitants.

An enterprise birth occurs when an enterprise (for example a company) starts from scratch and begins operations, amounting to the creation of a combination of production factors with the restriction that no other enterprises are involved in the event. An enterprise birth occurs when new production factors, in particular new jobs, are created. Enterprise births do not include:

•dormant enterprises being reactivated within two years;

•new corporate entities being created from mergers, break-ups, spin-offs/splitoffs or the restructuring of enterprises or a set of enterprises;

•the entry into a sub-population resulting only from a change of activity. The enterprise birth rate of a given reference period (usually one calendar year) is the number of births as a percentage of the population of active enterprises.

A birth is defined as the start of life when a child emerges from the body of its mother. The total number of births includes both live births and stillbirths. A live birth is the birth of a child who showed any sign of life; the number of live births refers to the number of births excluding stillbirths.

A stillbirth is the expulsion or extraction from the mother of a dead foetus after the time at which it would normally be presumed capable of independent extrauterine existence (outside the uterus or womb). This is commonly taken to be after 24 or 28 weeks of gestation (the time from a child's conception to its birth).

A live birth outside marriage is a live birth where the mother’s marital status at the time of birth is other than married. The crude birth rate is the ratio of the number of births during the year to the average population in that year; the value is expressed per 1 000 inhabitants.

An enterprise birth occurs when an enterprise (for example a company) starts from scratch and begins operations, amounting to the creation of a combination of production factors with the restriction that no other enterprises are involved in the event. An enterprise birth occurs when new production factors, in particular new jobs, are created. Enterprise births do not include:

•dormant enterprises being reactivated within two years;

•new corporate entities being created from mergers, break-ups, spin-offs/splitoffs or the restructuring of enterprises or a set of enterprises;

•the entry into a sub-population resulting only from a change of activity. T he enterprise birth rate of a given reference period (usually one calendar year) is the number of births as a percentage of the population of active enterprises.

The body mass index, abbreviated as BMI, is a measure of a person’s weight relative to height that correlates fairly well with body fat. The BMI is accepted as the most useful indicator of obesity in adults when only weight and height data are available. BMI is calculated by dividing body weight (in kilograms) by height (in metres) squared. The following subdivisions are used to categorise the BMI into four categories:

•< 18.5: underweight;

•>= 18.5 and < 25: normal weight;

•>= 25 and < 30: overweight (excluding obesity);

•>= 30: obese.

Note that the BMI is not calculated for children.

This business demography event involves a splitting of the production factors of an enterprise into two or more new enterprises, in such a way that the previous enterprise is no longer recognisable. There is no continuity or survival, but the closure of the previous enterprise is not considered to be a death. Similarly, the new enterprises are not considered to be births.

The number (and index) of building permits or construction permits is a leading indicator in the business cycle which provides some information about the workload of the construction industry in the near future. A building permit is the final authorisation to start work on a building project. It is granted by public authorities in response to an application by a principal and based on a specific building plan. There are differences in the rules and procedures according to which such permits are granted in the European Union (EU) Member States, but in none of the countries does the permit imply an obligation to start the construction; as a result, some permits might not be used by the builders. Therefore the index for building permits might overestimate future actual building projects.

There are two indices for building permits, representing different aspects:

•the number of dwellings;

•the square metres of useful floor area (or alternative size measures). The first index refers only to residential buildings (dwellings), the second also includes non-residential buildings, i.e. hotels, office buildings, industrial buildings etc.

Bunkers includes all dutiable petroleum products loaded aboard a vessel for consumption by that vessel. International maritime bunkers describe the quantities of fuel oil delivered to ships of all flags that are engaged in international navigation. It is the fuel used to power these ships.

International navigation may take place at sea, on inland lakes and waterways, and in coastal waters. International maritime bunkers do not include fuel oil consumption by:

•ships engaged in domestic navigation; whether a vessel is engaged in domestic or international navigation is determined only by the ship's port of departure and port of arrival - not by the flag or nationality of the ship;

•fishing vessels;

•military forces.

Business demography covers:

•events in the life cycle of an enterprise such as births and other creations of enterprises, deaths and other cessations of units, and their ratio to the business population;

•the follow-up of enterprises over time, thus offering information on their survival or discontinuity;

•development over time of certain characteristics like size, thus offering information on the growth of enterprises, or a cohort of enterprises, by type of activity. Summarizing, business demography statistics presents data on:

•the active population of enterprises;

•their birth;

•survival (followed up to five years after birth),

and;

•death.

The business investment rate is defined as gross investment (fixed capital formation) divided by gross value added. This ratio relates the investment of non-financial businesses in fixed assets (buildings, machinery etc.) to the value added created during the production process.

The profit share of non-financial corporations is defined as gross operating surplus divided by gross value added. This profitability-type indicator shows the share of the value added created during the production process remunerating capital. It is the complement of the share of wage costs (plus taxes less subsidies on production) in value added.

The balance of payments is a statistical summary of the transactions of a given economy with the rest of the world. It comprises three elements:

•the current account covers international transactions in goods, services, income, and current transfers;

•the financial account deals with transactions involving financial claims on, or liabilities to, the rest of the world, including international purchases of securities, such as stocks and bonds;

•the capital account covers international capital transfers (e.g. debt forgiveness) and the acquisition/disposal of non-produced, nonfinancial assets (such as patents).

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a colourless, odourless and non-poisonous gas formed by combustion of carbon and in the respiration of living organisms and is considered a greenhouse gas. Emissions means the release of greenhouse gases and/or their precursors into the atmosphere over a specified area and period of time.

Carbon dioxide emissions or CO2 emissions are emissions stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement; they include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels as well as gas flaring.

Fish catch (or simply catch) refers to catches of fishery products including fish, molluscs, crustaceans and other aquatic animals, residues and aquatic plants, that are taken: •for all purposes (commercial, industrial, recreational and subsistence);

•by all types and classes of fishing units (including fishermen, vessels, gear, etc.); that are

•operating in inland, fresh and brackish water areas, and in inshore, offshore and high-seas fishing areas. Production from aquaculture is excluded.

Catch is normally expressed in live weight and derived by the application of conversion factors to the actual landed or product weight. As such, the catch statistics exclude quantities of fishery products which are caught but which, for a variety of reasons, are not landed.

The cause of death is defined as the disease or injury which started the train (sequence) of morbid (disease-related) events which led directly to death, or the circumstances of the accident or violence which produced the fatal injury.

This definition is derived from the International classification of diseases (ICD) of the World Health Organization. Although international definitions are harmonised, the statistics may not be fully comparable among countries, as classifications may vary when the cause of death is multiple or difficult to evaluate, and because of different notification procedures.

A marriage is the act, ceremony or process by which the legal relationship between two persons is formed. The legality of the union may be established by civil, religious or other means as recognised by the laws of each country. In all European Union (EU) and other European countries, contracting a civil marriage (before official authorities and on a legal basis) is possible. However, the relation between a civil marriage and a religious marriage (before religious representative only) is not the same in all countries.

In 15 countries (Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom) a religious marriage has consequences for the civil marriage in the sense that a religious marriage is recognised by the state as being equivalent to a civil marriage.

France states that a religious marriage has no consequences for marital status, unless it has been contracted abroad. The crude marriage rate is the ratio of the number of marriages during the year to the average population in that year. The value is expressed per 1 000 inhabitants.

A household, in the context of surveys on social conditions or income such as EU-SILC or the Household budget survey (HBS), is defined as a housekeeping unit or, operationally, as a social unit: having common arrangements; sharing household expenses or daily needs; in a shared common residence.A household includes either one person living alone or a group of people, not necessarily related, living at the same address with common housekeeping, i.e. sharing at least one meal per day or sharing a living or sitting room.Collective households or institutional households (as opposed to private households) are, for instance: hospitals, old people’s homes, residential homes, prisons, military barracks, religious institutions, boarding houses and workers’ hostels, etc.

A computer, in the surveys on ICT usage in enterprises and households, is defined as a personal computer powered by one of the major operating systems (Macintosh, Linux or Microsoft); handheld computers or palmtops (PDAs) are also included.

Consensual union refers to the situation when two persons belong to the same household, and have a ‘marriage-like’ relationship with each other, and are not married to or in a registered partnership with each other.

Constant price GDP refers to the level of gross domestic product (GDP) expressed in the price terms of a base period (normally a year). The use of a time series of GDP in constant prices rather than current prices removes the impact of price changes and shows the volume change in GDP.

The consumer price index, abbreviated as CPI, measures the change over time in the prices of consumer goods and services acquired, used or paid for by households. It is an important measure of inflation in the European Union (EU). CPIs aim to cover the whole set of goods and services consumed within the territory of a country by the population. To do this, a representative set is selected; the so-called “consumer basket”.

Consumer goods and services include, for example, food and beverages, products for personal hygiene, newspapers and periodicals, expenditure on housing, water, electricity, gas and other fuels, health, transport, communications, education, restaurants and hotels. Many of these goods and services are bought frequently or consumed on a daily basis. CPIs may be used for a wide variety of purposes, including:

•as a guide for monetary policy;

•for the indexation of commercial contracts, wages, social protection benefits or financial instruments;

•as a tool for deflating the national accounts or calculating changes in national consumption or living standards.

Eurostat compiles harmonised indices of consumer prices (HICPs) to allow international comparisons of consumer price inflation. HICPs are used by the European Central Bank to monitor inflation in the euro area and to assess inflation convergence, as required under Article 121 of the Treaty of Amsterdam.

CPIs aim to cover the whole set of goods and services consumed within the territory of a country by the population. To do this, a representative set is selected; the so-called “consumer basket”.

Consumer goods and services include, for example, food and beverages, products for personal hygiene, newspapers and periodicals, expenditure on housing, water, electricity, gas and other fuels, health, transport, communications, education, restaurants and hotels.

Crop output comprises sales, changes in stock levels, and crop products used as animal feedstuffs, or for processing and own final use by the producers.

A birth is defined as the start of life when a child emerges from the body of its mother. The total number of births includes both live births and stillbirths. A live birth is the birth of a child who showed any sign of life; the number of live births refers to the number of births excluding stillbirths.

A stillbirth is the expulsion or extraction from the mother of a dead foetus after the time at which it would normally be presumed capable of independent extrauterine existence (outside the uterus or womb). This is commonly taken to be after 24 or 28 weeks of gestation (the time from a child's conception to its birth). A live birth outside marriage is a live birth where the mother’s marital status at the time of birth is other than married.

The crude birth rate is the ratio of the number of births during the year to the average population in that year; the value is expressed per 1 000 inhabitants.

A death, according to the United Nations definition, is the permanent disappearance of all vital functions without possibility of resuscitation at any time after a live birth has taken place; this definition therefore excludes foetal deaths (stillbirths).

Mortality is the number of deaths for a given area during a given period. Infant mortality is the mortality of live-born children aged less than one year.The mortality rate or death rate is the mortality expressed as a proportion of the population.The crude mortality rate or crude death rate is defined as the ratio of the number of deaths during the year to the average population in that year; the value is expressed per 1000 inhabitants.

The infant mortality rate is defined as the ratio of the number of deaths of children under one year of age to the number of live births in the reference year; the value is expressed per 1000 live births.

A divorce is the final legal dissolution (ending) of a marriage. A divorce is the type of separation between spouses that confers on both parties the right to remarry under civil, religious or other provisions, according to the laws of each country. Divorce is possible in all European Union Member States. In almost all countries, divorces are registered at a court.The crude divorce rate is the ratio of the number of divorces during the year to the average population in that year. The value is expressed per 1000 inhabitants.A divorce rate by duration of marriage can be calculated for each calendar year n, by relating the number of divorces at the end of x years of marriage to the initial number of marriages in year n-x.

A marriage is the act, ceremony or process by which the legal relationship between two persons is formed. The legality of the union may be established by civil, religious or other means as recognised by the laws of each country.In all European Union (EU) and other European countries, contracting a civil marriage (before official authorities and on a legal basis) is possible. However, the relation between a civil marriage and a religious marriage (before religious representative only) is not the same in all countries.

In 15 countries (Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom) a religious marriage has consequences for the civil marriage in the sense that a religious marriage is recognised by the state as being equivalent to a civil marriage. France states that a religious marriage has no consequences for marital status, unless it has been contracted abroad. The crude marriage rate is the ratio of the number of marriages during the year to the average population in that year. The value is expressed per 1 000 inhabitants.

A death, according to the United Nations definition, is the permanent disappearance of all vital functions without possibility of resuscitation at any time after a live birth has taken place; this definition therefore excludes foetal deaths (stillbirths). Mortality is the number of deaths for a given area during a given period. Infant mortality is the mortality of live-born children aged less than one year.The mortality rate or death rate is the mortality expressed as a proportion of the population. The crude mortality rate or crude death rate is defined as the ratio of the number of deaths during the year to the average population in that year; the value is expressed per 1000 inhabitants.The infant mortality rate is defined as the ratio of the number of deaths of children under one year of age to the number of live births in the reference year; the value is expressed per 1000 live births.

Migration refers to the number of migrants, people changing their residence to or from a given area (usually a country) during a given time period (usually one year). Immigrants are people arriving or returning from abroad to take up residence in a country for a certain period, having previously been resident elsewhere. According to the 1998 United Nations recommendations on the statistics of international migration (Revision 1), an individual is a long-term immigrant if he/she stays in his/her country of destination for a period of 12 months or more, having previously been resident elsewhere for 12 months or more. Immigration is the number of immigrants for a given area during the year. Emigrants are people leaving the country where they usually reside and effectively taking up residence in another country.

According to the 1998 UN recommendations on the statistics of international migration (Revision 1), an individual is a long-term emigrant if he/she leaves his/her country of previous usual residence for a period of 12 months or more. Emigration is the number of emigrants for a given area during the year. Net migration is the difference between immigration to and emigration from a given area during the year (net migration is positive when there are more immigrants than emigrants and negative when there are more emigrants than immigrants). Since many countries either do not have accurate figures on immigration and emigration, or have no figures at all, net migration has to be estimated. It is usually estimated as the difference between the total population change and the natural increase during the year.

Net migration gives no indication of the relative scale of the separate immigration and emigration flows to and from a country; a country may report low net migration but experience high immigration and emigration flows. Crude rate of net migration is the ratio of net migration during the year to the average population in that year. The value is expressed per 1 000 inhabitants.

Population change, defined generally, is the difference in the size of a population between the end and the beginning of a given time period (usually one year). Specifically, it is the difference in population size on 1 January of two consecutive years. Population change has two components:

•natural population change (the number of live births minus the number of deaths);

•net migration (the number of immigrants minus the number of emigrants, plus statistical adjustment – it should be noted that net migration as referred to in the context of population change statistics includes the statistical adjustments occurring in the annual balance of the population and that it serves the purpose of closing this balance).

A positive population change, when the result of net migration plus live births minus deaths is positive, is referred to as population growth, a negative one is called a population decrease. The crude rate of population growth is the ratio of total population growth during the year to the average population of the area in question that year. The value is expressed per 1 000 inhabitants.

Population change, defined generally, is the difference in the size of a population between the end and the beginning of a given time period (usually one year). Specifically, it is the difference in population size on 1 January of two consecutive years. Population change has two components:

•natural population change (the number of live births minus the number of deaths);

•net migration (the number of immigrants minus the number of emigrants, plus statistical adjustment – it should be noted that net migration as referred to in the context of population change statistics includes the statistical adjustments occurring in the annual balance of the population and that it serves the purpose of closing this balance).

A positive population change, when the result of net migration plus live births minus deaths is positive, is referred to as population growth, a negative one is called a population decrease. The crude rate of population growth is the ratio of total population growth during the year to the average population of the area in question that year. The value is expressed per 1 000 inhabitants.

Hospital bed numbers provide information on healthcare capacities, in other words on the maximum number of patients who can be treated by hospitals. Hospital beds are those which are regularly maintained and staffed and immediately available for the care of admitted patients. They cover beds accommodating patients who are formally admitted (or hospitalised) to an institution for treatment and/or care and who stay for a minimum of one night.

These include: beds in all hospitals, including general hospitals, mental health and substance abuse hospitals, and other specialty hospitals, irrespective of whether the bed is occupied or not. The statistics presented exclude surgical tables, recovery trolleys, emergency stretchers, beds for same-day care, cots for healthy infants, beds in wards which were closed for any reason, provisional and temporary beds, or beds in nursing and residential care facilities. A curative care bed or acute care bed is a hospital bed available for curative care; these form a subgroup of total hospital beds.

The balance of payments is a statistical summary of the transactions of a given economy with the rest of the world. It comprises three elements:

•the current account covers international transactions in goods, services, income, and current transfers;

•the financial account deals with transactions involving financial claims on, or liabilities to, the rest of the world, including international purchases of securities, such as stocks and bonds;

•the capital account covers international capital transfers (e.g. debt forgiveness) and the acquisition/disposal of non-produced, nonfinancial assets (such as patents).

Domestic extraction, abbreviated as DE, is the input from the natural environment to be used in the economy. DE is the annual amount of raw material (except for water and air) extracted from the natural environment.

A death, according to the United Nations definition, is the permanent disappearance of all vital functions without possibility of resuscitation at any time after a live birth has taken place; this definition therefore excludes foetal deaths (stillbirths). Mortality is the number of deaths for a given area during a given period. Infant mortality is the mortality of live-born children aged less than one year. The mortality rate or death rate is the mortality expressed as a proportion of the population.

The crude mortality rate or crude death rate is defined as the ratio of the number of deaths during the year to the average population in that year; the value is expressed per 1000 inhabitants. The infant mortality rate is defined as the ratio of the number of deaths of children under one year of age to the number of live births in the reference year; the value is expressed per 1000 live births.

An enterprise death is the termination of an enterprise, amounting to the dissolution of a combination of production factors with this restriction that no other enterprises are involved in the event. Deaths do not include:

•exits from the population of active enterprises due to mergers, take-overs, break-ups or restructuring of a set of enterprises;

•exits from a sub-population resulting only from a change of activity. The enterprise death rate of a given reference period (usually one calendar year) is the number of enterprise deaths as a percentage of the population of active enterprises.

A death, according to the United Nations definition, is the permanent disappearance of all vital functions without possibility of resuscitation at any time after a live birth has taken place; this definition therefore excludes foetal deaths (stillbirths). Mortality is the number of deaths for a given area during a given period. Infant mortality is the mortality of live-born children aged less than one year. The mortality rate or death rate is the mortality expressed as a proportion of the population.

The crude mortality rate or crude death rate is defined as the ratio of the number of deaths during the year to the average population in that year; the value is expressed per 1000 inhabitants. The infant mortality rate is defined as the ratio of the number of deaths of children under one year of age to the number of live births in the reference year; the value is expressed per 1000 live births.

An enterprise death is the termination of an enterprise, amounting to the dissolution of a combination of production factors with this restriction that no other enterprises are involved in the event. Deaths do not include:

•exits from the population of active enterprises due to mergers, take-overs, break-ups or restructuring of a set of enterprises;

•exits from a sub-population resulting only from a change of activity. The enterprise death rate of a given reference period (usually one calendar year) is the number of enterprise deaths as a percentage of the population of active enterprises

Deep sea shipping refers to the maritime transport of goods on intercontinental routes, crossing oceans; as opposed to short sea shipping over relatively short distances.

Deficit means in general that the sum or balance of positive and negative amounts is negative, or that the total of negatives is larger than the total of positives. Deficit can be used in different statistical areas:

• in balance of payments statistics, it refers to the balance of credit (negative) and debit (positive) transactions of a given economy with the rest of the world, organized in two different accounts: the current account; and the capital and financial account;

• in external trade statistics, it refers to the trade balance of imports (negative, as they have to be paid for) and exports (positive, because they yield revenue), which may result in a trade deficit.

• in government finance statistics, it refers to the public balance between government revenue and expenditure, a budget deficit when negative. The surplus or deficit is defined on the basis of the national accounts balancing item net lending (+)/ net borrowing (-).

Inflation is an increase in the general price level of goods and services. When there is inflation in an economy, the value of money decreases because a given amount will buy fewer goods and services than before. Inflation in an economy is often calculated by examining a basket of goods and services and comparing the changes in the prices of that basket over time. The inflation rate is the percentage change in the price index for a given period compared to that recorded in a previous period.

It is usually calculated on a year-on-year or annual basis. For an index value of 183.1 for January of this year, and an index value of 178.4 recorded in January last year, the annual rate of inflation of January this year would be:

(183.1 / 178.4 − 1) * 100 = 2.6 %

Similarly, one may compile month-on-month rates of change or average annual rates of change. Deflation is the opposite of inflation. It is a decrease in the general price level of goods and services and represents an increase in the value of money, where an amount of money can be exchanged for more goods and services.

The deflator of sales adjusts for inflation in retail price developments, and is used to calculate real increases or decreases in retail sales over a specific period of time.

The degree of defoliation is the extent to which trees and plants have lost their leaves or needles, often as a result of exposure to pollutants, in a visuallyassessed measure of defoliation of trees, as developed by the United Nations International Cooperative Programme of the Executive Committee for the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution in Europe (ICP Forests).

This programme monitors the condition of forests in Europe.

Dependent children are individuals aged 0-17 years and 18-24 years if inactive and living with at least one parent.

Healthy life years, abbreviated as HLY and also called disability-free life expectancy (DFLE), is defined as the number of years that a person is expected to continue to live in a healthy condition. This statistical indicator is compiled separately for men and women, at birth and at ages 50 and 65. It is based on age-specific prevalence (proportions) of the population in healthy and unhealthy condition and age-specific mortality information.

A healthy condition is defined as one without limitation in functioning and without disability. The indicator is calculated following the widely used Sullivan method. It is based on measures of the age-specific proportion of population with and without disability and on mortality data.

Its interest lies in its simplicity, the availability of its basic data, and its independence of the size and age structure of the population. However, cultural differences in reporting disability can influence the HLY indicator.

The price of diesel oil reflects average consumer prices at the pump of diesel; prices are usually recorded on the 15th day of each month. Transport diesel oil is used to power diesel engines in buses, trucks, trains, cars and other industrial machinery.

Healthy life years, abbreviated as HLY and also called disability-free life expectancy (DFLE), is defined as the number of years that a person is expected to continue to live in a healthy condition. This statistical indicator is compiled separately for men and women, at birth and at ages 50 and 65. It is based on age-specific prevalence (proportions) of the population in healthy and unhealthy condition and age-specific mortality information.

A healthy condition is defined as one without limitation in functioning and without disability. The indicator is calculated following the widely used Sullivan method.

It is based on measures of the age-specific proportion of population with and without disability and on mortality data. Its interest lies in its simplicity, the availability of its basic data, and its independence of the size and age structure of the population. However, cultural differences in reporting disability can influence the HLY indicator.

Disposable income includes all income from work (employee wages and earnings from self-employment); private income from investment and property; transfers between households; all social transfers received in cash including old-age pensions.

A divorce is the final legal dissolution (ending) of a marriage. A divorce is the type of separation between spouses that confers on both parties the right to remarry under civil, religious or other provisions, according to the laws of each country. Divorce is possible in all European Union Member States. In almost all countries, divorces are registered at a court. The crude divorce rate is the ratio of the number of divorces during the year to the average population in that year.

The value is expressed per 1000 inhabitants. A divorce rate by duration of marriage can be calculated for each calendar year n, by relating the number of divorces at the end of x years of marriage to the initial number of marriages in year n-x.

A divorce is the final legal dissolution (ending) of a marriage. A divorce is the type of separation between spouses that confers on both parties the right to remarry under civil, religious or other provisions, according to the laws of each country. Divorce is possible in all European Union Member States. In almost all countries, divorces are registered at a court. The crude divorce rate is the ratio of the number of divorces during the year to the average population in that year.

The value is expressed per 1000 inhabitants. A divorce rate by duration of marriage can be calculated for each calendar year n, by relating the number of divorces at the end of x years of marriage to the initial number of marriages in year n-x.

A divorce is the final legal dissolution (ending) of a marriage. A divorce is the type of separation between spouses that confers on both parties the right to remarry under civil, religious or other provisions, according to the laws of each country. Divorce is possible in all European Union Member States. In almost all countries, divorces are registered at a court. The crude divorce rate is the ratio of the number of divorces during the year to the average population in that year. The value is expressed per 1000 inhabitants. A divorce rate by duration of marriage can be calculated for each calendar year n, by relating the number of divorces at the end of x years of marriage to the initial number of marriages in year n-x.

Domestic material consumption, abbreviated as DMC, measures the total amount of materials directly used by an economy and is defined as the annual quantity of raw materials extracted from the domestic territory, plus all physical imports minus all physical exports. The DMC indicator provides an assessment of the absolute level of the use of resources, and allows to distinguish consumption driven by domestic demand from consumption driven by the export market. It is important to note that the term "consumption" as used in DMC denotes apparent consumption and not final consumption. DMC does not include upstream "hidden" flows related to imports and exports of raw materials and products.

Domestic burglary is defined as gaining access to a dwelling by the use of force to steal goods.

Domestic employment refers to the number of persons employed in postal services within the economic territory of the country of reference. It also includes part-time workers, who are regarded as such under the laws of the country concerned and who are on the pay-roll, as well as seasonal workers, apprentices and home workers on the pay-roll. It is measured as an average over the reference year.

The (industrial) producer price index, abbreviated as PPI and also called output price index, is a business-cycle indicator showing the development of transaction prices for the monthly industrial output of economic activities. The PPI does not only serve as an early indicator of inflationary pressures in the economy before it reaches the consumer, but it can also record the evolution of prices over longer time periods. The PPI for a specific economic activity measures the monthly change in the trading price of products and related services. The PPI is an output index – it measures price changes from the seller's perspective.

The prices collected in period t should refer to orders booked during period t (at the moment of the order) and not the moment when the commodities leave the factory gates. Price indices are calculated as a weighted average of the relevant products. PPIs are calculated for the total, the domestic and the non-domestic markets, with the latter further split between euro area and non-euro area markets. The indicators of domestic and non-domestic prices require separate producer price indices to be compiled according to the destination of the product. The residency of the third party which has ordered or bought the product defines the destination.

The domestic market is defined as all third parties ordering or buying which are residents in the same national territory as the observation unit from which sales or orders are collected. When combined, the sub-indices for the domestic and the non-domestic markets give the total change in the PPI for a given product. The appropriate price for calculating the PPI is the basic price that excludes VAT and similar deductible taxes which are directly linked to turnover, as well as all duties and taxes on the goods and services invoiced.

However, subsidies on products received by the producer, if there are any, should be added to the basic price. All price-determining characteristics should be taken into account, including the: quantity of units sold; transport provided; rebates; service conditions; guarantee conditions; destination.

Domestic turnover refers to turnover from postal activities within the economic territory of the country of reference. Receipts from foreign operators for services within the reference country should be included. Turnover is defined here as comprising the totals invoiced by the observation unit during the reference period, and this corresponds to market sales of services supplied to third parties. Turnover includes all duties and taxes on the services invoiced by the unit with the exception of the VAT invoiced by the unit vis-à-vis its customer and other similar deductible taxes directly linked to turnover.

It also includes all other charges (transport, packaging, etc.) passed on to the customer, even if these charges are listed separately in the invoice. Reduction in prices, rebates and discounts as well as the value of returned packing are deducted. Income classified as other operating income, financial income and extra-ordinary income in company accounts is excluded from turnover. Operating subsidies received from public authorities or the institutions of the European Union are also excluded.

A drug-related death, according to the EMCDDA definition, refers to a death caused directly by the consumption of drugs of abuse; this death occurs generally shortly after the consumption of the substance(s).

Early leaver from education and training, previously named early school leaver, refers to a person aged 18 to 24 who has completed at most lower secondary education and is not involved in further education or training; the indicator 'early leavers from education and training' is expressed as a percentage of the people aged 18 to 24 with such criteria out of the total population aged 18 to 24. For Eurostat statistical purposes, an early leaver from education and training is operationally defined as a person aged 18 to 24 recorded in the Labour force survey (LFS):

•whose highest level of education or training attained is at most lower secondary education.

At most lower secondary education refers to ISCED (International Standard Classification of Education) 2011 level 0-2 for data from 2014 onwards and to ISCED 1997 level 0-3C short for data up to 2013;

•who received no education or training (neither formal nor non-formal) in the four weeks preceding the survey. The 'early leavers from education and training' statistical indicator is then calculated by dividing the number of early leavers from education and training, as defined above, by the total population of the same

Early leaver from education and training, previously named early school leaver, refers to a person aged 18 to 24 who has completed at most lower secondary education and is not involved in further education or training; the indicator 'early leavers from education and training' is expressed as a percentage of the people aged 18 to 24 with such criteria out of the total population aged 18 to 24. For Eurostat statistical purposes, an early leaver from education and training is operationally defined as a person aged 18 to 24 recorded in the Labour force survey (LFS):

•whose highest level of education or training attained is at most lower secondary education. At most lower secondary education refers to ISCED (International Standard Classification of Education) 2011 level 0-2 for data from 2014 onwards and to ISCED 1997 level 0-3C short for data up to 2013;

•who received no education or training (neither formal nor non-formal) in the four weeks preceding the survey. The 'early leavers from education and training' statistical indicator is then calculated by dividing the number of early leavers from education and training, as defined above, by the total population of the same age group in the Labour force survey.

European size unit, abbreviated as ESU, is a standard gross margin of EUR 1 200 that is used to express the economic size of an agricultural holding or farm. For each activity (or 'enterprise') on a farm (for example wheat production, dairy cows or the output from a vineyard), the standard gross margin (SGM) is estimated based on the area used for the particular activity (or the number of heads of livestock) and a regional coefficient. The sum of all such margins derived from activities on a particular farm is its economic size, which is then expressed in European size units (by dividing the total SGM in euro by 1200, thus converting it to ESU).

The labour force or workforce or economically active population, also shortened to active population, includes both employed (employees and selfemployed) and unemployed people, but not the economically inactive, such as pre-school children, school children, students and pensioners.

The harmonised index of consumer prices, abbreviated as HICP, is the consumer price index as it is calculated in the European Union (EU), according to a harmonised approach and a single set of definitions. It is mainly used to measure inflation. There are several types of HICP depending on the geographic area under consideration. The most important ones are:

•the Monetary Union index of consumer prices (MUICP) — an aggregate index covering the countries in the euro area;

•the European index of consumer prices (EICP) — for the whole European Union, the euro area plus the other Member States;

•the national HICPs — for each of the EU Member States. In addition to the EU HICPs, an additional HICP aggregate index for the European Economic Area (EEA) is calculated: •the European Economic Area index of consumer prices (EEAICP), which in addition to the EU also covers Iceland and Norway.

The harmonised index of consumer prices, abbreviated as HICP, is the consumer price index as it is calculated in the European Union (EU), according to a harmonised approach and a single set of definitions. It is mainly used to measure inflation. There are several types of HICP depending on the geographic area under consideration. The most important ones are:

•the Monetary Union index of consumer prices (MUICP) — an aggregate index covering the countries in the euro area;

•the European index of consumer prices (EICP) — for the whole European Union, the euro area plus the other Member States;

•the national HICPs — for each of the EU Member States. In addition to the EU HICPs, an additional HICP aggregate index for the European Economic Area (EEA) is calculated: •the European Economic Area index of consumer prices (EEAICP), which in addition to the EU also covers Iceland and Norway.

Migration refers to the number of migrants, people changing their residence to or from a given area (usually a country) during a given time period (usually one year). Immigrants are people arriving or returning from abroad to take up residence in a country for a certain period, having previously been resident elsewhere. According to the 1998 United Nations recommendations on the statistics of international migration (Revision 1), an individual is a long-term immigrant if he/she stays in his/her country of destination for a period of 12 months or more, having previously been resident elsewhere for 12 months or more. Immigration is the number of immigrants for a given area during the year. Emigrants are people leaving the country where they usually reside and effectively taking up residence in another country.

According to the 1998 UN recommendations on the statistics of international migration (Revision 1), an individual is a longterm emigrant if he/she leaves his/her country of previous usual residence for a period of 12 months or more. Emigration is the number of emigrants for a given area during the year. Net migration is the difference between immigration to and emigration from a given area during the year (net migration is positive when there are more immigrants than emigrants and negative when there are more emigrants than immigrants).

Since many countries either do not have accurate figures on immigration and emigration, or have no figures at all, net migration has to be estimated. It is usually estimated as the difference between the total population change and the natural increase during the year. Net migration gives no indication of the relative scale of the separate immigration and emigration flows to and from a country; a country may report low net migration but experience high immigration and emigration flows.

Crude rate of net migration is the ratio of net migration during the year to the average population in that year. The value is expressed per 1 000 inhabitants.

Migration refers to the number of migrants, people changing their residence to or from a given area (usually a country) during a given time period (usually one year). Immigrants are people arriving or returning from abroad to take up residence in a country for a certain period, having previously been resident elsewhere. According to the 1998 United Nations recommendations on the statistics of international migration (Revision 1), an individual is a long-term immigrant if he/she stays in his/her country of destination for a period of 12 months or more, having previously been resident elsewhere for 12 months or more. Immigration is the number of immigrants for a given area during the year. Emigrants are people leaving the country where they usually reside and effectively taking up residence in another country.

According to the 1998 UN recommendations on the statistics of international migration (Revision 1), an individual is a long-term emigrant if he/she leaves his/her country of previous usual residence for a period of 12 months or more. Emigration is the number of emigrants for a given area during the year. Net migration is the difference between immigration to and emigration from a given area during the year (net migration is positive when there are more immigrants than emigrants and negative when there are more emigrants than immigrants). Since many countries either do not have accurate figures on immigration and emigration, or have no figures at all, net migration has to be estimated. It is usually estimated as the difference between the total population change and the natural increase during the year.

Net migration gives no indication of the relative scale of the separate immigration and emigration flows to and from a country; a country may report low net migration but experience high immigration and emigration flows. Crude rate of net migration is the ratio of net migration during the year to the average population in that year. The value is expressed per 1 000 inhabitants.

In the context of the Labour force survey (LFS), an employed person is a person aged 15 and over (or 16 and over in Iceland and Norway) who during the reference week performed work - even if just for one hour a week - for pay, profit or family gain.

Alternatively, the person was not at work, but had a job or business from which he or she was temporarily absent due to illness, holiday, industrial dispute or education and training. This definition follows guidelines of the International Labour Organization (ILO).

Employer business demography statistics presents data on:

•the active population of enterprises having at least one employee;

•their birth;

•survival (followed up to five years after birth), and;

•death.

The employment rate is the percentage of employed persons in relation to the comparable total population.

For the overall employment rate, the comparison is made with the population of working-age; but employment rates can also be calculated for a particular age group and/or gender in a specific geographical area (for example the males of age 15-24 employed versus total in one European Union (EU) Member State).

Employment rate dispersion is the coefficient of variation of regional employment rates in a country, weighted by the absolute population (active population) of each region.

The energy dependency rate shows the proportion of energy that an economy must import. It is defined as net energy imports divided by gross inland energy consumption plus fuel supplied to international maritime bunkers, expressed as a percentage. A negative dependency rate indicates a net exporter of energy while a dependency rate in excess of 100 % indicates that energy products have been stocked.

An enterprise birth occurs when an enterprise (for example a company) starts from scratch and begins operations, amounting to the creation of a combination of production factors with the restriction that no other enterprises are involved in the event. An enterprise birth occurs when new production factors, in particular new jobs, are created. Enterprise births do not include:

•dormant enterprises being reactivated within two years;

•new corporate entities being created from mergers, break-ups, spin-offs/splitoffs or the restructuring of enterprises or a set of enterprises;

•the entry into a sub-population resulting only from a change of activity. The enterprise birth rate of a given reference period (usually one calendar year) is the number of births as a percentage of the population of active enterprises.

An enterprise birth occurs when an enterprise (for example a company) starts from scratch and begins operations, amounting to the creation of a combination of production factors with the restriction that no other enterprises are involved in the event. An enterprise birth occurs when new production factors, in particular new jobs, are created. Enterprise births do not include:

•dormant enterprises being reactivated within two years;

•new corporate entities being created from mergers, break-ups, spin-offs/splitoffs or the restructuring of enterprises or a set of enterprises;

•the entry into a sub-population resulting only from a change of activity. The enterprise birth rate of a given reference period (usually one calendar year) is the number of births as a percentage of the population of active enterprises.

An enterprise death is the termination of an enterprise, amounting to the dissolution of a combination of production factors with this restriction that no other enterprises are involved in the event. D

eaths do not include:

•exits from the population of active enterprises due to mergers, take-overs, break-ups or restructuring of a set of enterprises;

•exits from a sub-population resulting only from a change of activity. The enterprise death rate of a given reference period (usually one calendar year) is the number of enterprise deaths as a percentage of the population of active enterprises.

An enterprise death is the termination of an enterprise, amounting to the dissolution of a combination of production factors with this restriction that no other enterprises are involved in the event.

Deaths do not include:

•exits from the population of active enterprises due to mergers, take-overs, break-ups or restructuring of a set of enterprises;

•exits from a sub-population resulting only from a change of activity. The enterprise death rate of a given reference period (usually one calendar year) is the number of enterprise deaths as a percentage of the population of active enterprises.

Enterprises can be classified in different categories according to their size; for this purpose different criteria may be used (e.g. number of persons employed, employees, balance sheet total, investments, ...), but the one most common in a statistical context is number of persons employed :

•small and medium-sized enterprises, abbreviated as SMEs: fewer than 250 persons employed; SMEs are further subdivided into:

•micro enterprises: fewer than 10 persons employed;

•small enterprises: 10 to 49 persons employed;

•medium-sized enterprises: 50 to 249 persons employed;

•large enterprises: 250 or more persons employed.

The number of persons employed should not be confused with employees or full-time equivalents; 'persons employed' includes employees but also working proprietors, partners working regularly in the enterprise and unpaid family workers.

Enterprise survival occurs when an enterprise is active and identifiable both before and after a specific (business) demographic event. The enterprise may be changed in some way, e.g. in terms of economic activity, size, ownership or location, but there should be continuity of the enterprise reference number in the statistical business register. Enterprise survival rate of newly-born enterprises in a given reference period is the number of enterprises that were born in year xx-n and survived to year xx as a percentage of all enterprises born in year xx-n.

Enterprise survival occurs when an enterprise is active and identifiable both before and after a specific (business) demographic event. The enterprise may be changed in some way, e.g. in terms of economic activity, size, ownership or location, but there should be continuity of the enterprise reference number in the statistical business register. Enterprise survival rate of newly-born enterprises in a given reference period is the number of enterprises that were born in year xx-n and survived to year xx as a percentage of all enterprises born in year xx-n.

An enterprise is the smallest combination of legal units that is an organisational unit producing goods or services, which benefits from a certain degree of autonomy in decision-making, especially for the allocation of its current resources. An enterprise carries out one or more activities at one or more locations. An enterprise may be a sole legal unit.

The equivalised disposable income is the total income of a household, after tax and other deductions, that is available for spending or saving, divided by the number of household members converted into equalised adults; household members are equalised or made equivalent by weighting each according to their age, using the so-called modified OECD equivalence scale.

The equivalised disposable income is calculated in three steps:

•all monetary incomes received from any source by each member of a household are added up; these include income from work, investment and social benefits, plus any other household income; taxes and social contributions that have been paid, are deducted from this sum;

•in order to reflect differences in a household's size and composition, the total (net) household income is divided by the number of 'equivalent adults’, using a standard (equivalence) scale: the modified OECD scale; this scale gives a weight to all members of the household (and then adds these up to arrive at the equivalised household size): •1.0 to the first adult;

•0.5 to the second and each subsequent person aged 14 and over;

•0.3 to each child aged under 14.

•finally, the resulting figure is called the equivalised disposable income and is attributed equally to each member of the household. For poverty indicators, the equivalised disposable income is calculated from the total disposable income of each household divided by the equivalised household size.

The income reference period is a fixed 12-month period (such as the previous calendar or tax year) for all countries except UK for which the income reference period is the current year and Ireland (IE) for which the survey is continuous and income is collected for the last twelve months.

The equivalised disposable income is the total income of a household, after tax and other deductions, that is available for spending or saving, divided by the number of household members converted into equalised adults; household members are equalised or made equivalent by weighting each according to their age, using the so-called modified OECD equivalence scale.

The equivalised disposable income is calculated in three steps:

•all monetary incomes received from any source by each member of a household are added up; these include income from work, investment and social benefits, plus any other household income; taxes and social contributions that have been paid, are deducted from this sum;

•in order to reflect differences in a household's size and composition, the total (net) household income is divided by the number of 'equivalent adults’, using a standard (equivalence) scale: the modified OECD scale; this scale gives a weight to all members of the household (and then adds these up to arrive at the equivalised household size):

•1.0 to the first adult;

•0.5 to the second and each subsequent person aged 14 and over;

•0.3 to each child aged under 14.

•finally, the resulting figure is called the equivalised disposable income and is attributed equally to each member of the household. For poverty indicators, the equivalised disposable income is calculated from the total disposable income of each household divided by the equivalised household size.

The income reference period is a fixed 12-month period (such as the previous calendar or tax year) for all countries except UK for which the income reference period is the current year and Ireland (IE) for which the survey is continuous and income is collected for the last twelve months.

Equivalised income is a measure of household income that takes account of the differences in a household's size and composition, and thus is equivalised or made equivalent for all household sizes and compositions. It is used for the calculation of poverty and social exclusion indicators.

The equivalised income is calculated by dividing the household’s total income from all sources by its equivalent size, which is calculated using the modified OECD equivalence scale. This scale attributes a weight to all members of the household:

•1.0 to the first adult;

•0.5 to the second and each subsequent person aged 14 and over;

•0.3 to each child aged under 14.

The equivalent size is the sum of the weights of all the members of a given household.

The harmonised index of consumer prices, abbreviated as HICP, is the consumer price index as it is calculated in the European Union (EU), according to a harmonised approach and a single set of definitions. It is mainly used to measure inflation. There are several types of HICP depending on the geographic area under consideration.

The most important ones are:

•the Monetary Union index of consumer prices (MUICP) — an aggregate index covering the countries in the euro area;

•the European index of consumer prices (EICP) — for the whole European Union, the euro area plus the other Member States;

•the national HICPs — for each of the EU Member States.

The expenditure approach of GDP is defined as private final consumption expenditure + government final consumption expenditure + gross capital formation + exports - imports. In the system of national accounts, only households, non-profit institutions serving households (NPISH) and government have final consumption, whereas corporations have intermediate consumption.

Private final consumption expenditure is defined as expenditure on goods and services for the direct satisfaction of individual needs, whereas government consumption expenditure includes goods and services produced by government, as well as purchases of goods and services by government that are supplied to households as social transfers in kind. Gross capital formation is the sum of gross fixed capital formation and the change in inventories (stocks).

The external balance is the difference between exports and imports of goods and services. Depending on the size of exports and imports, it can be positive (a surplus) or negative (a deficit).

A fatal accident at work refers to an accident at work which leads to the death of a victim within one year of the accident.

Fertility is the ability to conceive (become pregnant) and give birth to children. The total fertility rate is defined as the mean number of children who would be born to a woman during her lifetime, if she were to spend her childbearing years conforming to the age-specific fertility rates, that have been measured in a given year. The age-specific fertility rate or the fertility rate by age of mother is the number of births to mothers of age x proportional to the average female population of age x.

Fertility is the ability to conceive (become pregnant) and give birth to children. The total fertility rate is defined as the mean number of children who would be born to a woman during her lifetime, if she were to spend her childbearing years conforming to the age-specific fertility rates, that have been measured in a given year. The age-specific fertility rate or the fertility rate by age of mother is the number of births to mothers of age x proportional to the average female population of age x.

Fertility is the ability to conceive (become pregnant) and give birth to children. The total fertility rate is defined as the mean number of children who would be born to a woman during her lifetime, if she were to spend her childbearing years conforming to the age-specific fertility rates, that have been measured in a given year. The age-specific fertility rate or the fertility rate by age of mother is the number of births to mothers of age x proportional to the average female population of age x.

The balance of payments is a statistical summary of the transactions of a given economy with the rest of the world. It comprises three elements:

•the current account covers international transactions in goods, services, income, and current transfers;

•the financial account deals with transactions involving financial claims on, or liabilities to, the rest of the world, including international purchases of securities, such as stocks and bonds;

•the capital account covers international capital transfers (e.g. debt forgiveness) and the acquisition/disposal of non-produced, nonfinancial assets (such as patents).

First instance decision means a decision granted by the respective authority acting as a first instance of the administrative/judicial asylum procedure in the receiving country

Fish catch (or simply catch) refers to catches of fishery products including fish, molluscs, crustaceans and other aquatic animals, residues and aquatic plants, that are taken:

•for all purposes (commercial, industrial, recreational and subsistence);

•by all types and classes of fishing units (including fishermen, vessels, gear, etc.); that are

•operating in inland, fresh and brackish water areas, and in inshore, offshore and high-seas fishing areas. Production from aquaculture is excluded. Catch is normally expressed in live weight and derived by the application of conversion factors to the actual landed or product weight.

As such, the catch statistics exclude quantities of fishery products which are caught but which, for a variety of reasons, are not landed.

Fish catches taken from stocks outside safe biological limits, expressed as a percentage, refers to to the fish catches of a number of stocks that have been assessed to be outside safe biological limits (SBL).

In general terms, a stock is considered to be within safe biological limits if spawning stock biomass (SSB) estimated at the end of the year is higher than the SSB corresponding to the precautionary approach level, as recommended by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES). Further details on the way ICES formulates advice in precautionary terms can be obtained from the ICES website.

In the context of external trade statistics, fishery products consist of:

•edible fishery products, including:

◦fresh, chilled, frozen, salted, smoked and dried fish; ◦fish preserves and conserves;

◦fresh, chilled, frozen, dried and smoked crustaceans and molluscs;

◦preparations and conserves of crustaceans and molluscs;

•inedible products, including:

◦meals and solubles;

◦oils and fats;

◦sponges, corals, etc.;

•aquatic plants.

The data on the number of fishing vessels, the fishing fleet, in general refer to the fleet size as recorded on 31 December of the specified reference year. The data are derived from the national registers of fishing vessels which are maintained according to Commission Regulation (EC) No 26/2004 which specifies the information on vessel characteristics to be recorded in the registers.

Foreign affiliates statistics, abbreviated as FATS, describe the activities of foreign affiliates: enterprises resident in a country or area, such as the European Union (EU), controlled or owned by (multinational) enterprises which are resident outside that country or area. Ultimate controlling institutional unit (UCI) of a foreign affiliate shall mean the institutional unit, moving up a foreign affiliate's chain of control, which is not controlled by another institutional unit. The UCI has a key role in the statistics on globalisation. It determines how a unit should be treated in inward or outward FATS or FDI statistics. A distinction can be made between outward FATS, on the activities of own affiliates abroad and inward FATS, on the activities of foreign enterprises within the own country or area.

Inward FATS describe the overall activity of foreign affiliates resident in the compiling economy. A foreign affiliate within the terms of inward FATS is an enterprise resident in the compiling country over which an institutional unit not resident in the compiling country has control. In simpler terms, inward FATS describe how many jobs, how much turnover, etc. are generated by foreign investors in a given EU host economy. While FDI statistics give an idea of the total amount of capital invested by foreigners in the EU economy, FATS add to that information by providing insight into the economic impact those investments have in the EU in terms of job creation, etc. Control – in this context – is the ability to determine the general policy of an enterprise by choosing appropriate directors, if necessary.

However, control is often difficult to determine and, in practice, the share of ownership is often used as a proxy for control. FATS thus focus on the affiliates that are majority-owned by a single investor or by a group of associated investors acting in concert and owning more than 50% of ordinary shares or voting power. However, other criteria may also be relevant for defining foreign control, and thus other cases (multiple minority ownership, joint ventures, and qualitative assessment determining control) should be covered as regards assessment of control. Outward FATS describe the activity of foreign affiliates abroad controlled by the compiling country. Foreign affiliate within the terms of outward FATS is an enterprise not resident in the compiling country over which an institutional unit resident in the compiling country has control.

In simpler terms, outward FATS data describe, for example, how many employees work for affiliates of EU enterprises based abroad? In this case outward FATS give an idea of the economic impact of EU investments abroad (e.g. how many employees work for affiliates of German enterprises in China, what the exports of affiliates of British firms based in India are, etc.).

Fossil fuel is a generic term for non-renewable natural energy sources such as coal, natural gas and oil that were formed from plants and animals (biomass) that existed in the geological past (for example, hundreds of million of years ago). Fossil fuels are carbon-based and currently supply most human energy requirements.

Freight container is a transport equipment:

•of a permanent nature and accordingly strong enough to be suitable for repeated use;

•specially designed to facilitate the carriage of goods by one or more modes of transport, without intermediate reloading;

•fitted with devices permitting its ready handling, particularly its transfer from one mode of transport to another;

•so designed as to be easy to fill and empty;

•having a length of 20 feet or more.

For the purpose of European Union (EU) agricultural statistics, fruit includes:

•apples; pears; stoned fruits (for example peaches or apricots); nuts (for example walnuts or hazelnuts); other top fruits (for example figs or kiwi - top fruit are fruit that grow on trees); other soft fruit (including fruit that grow on bushes such as berries, currants); citrus fruits; grapes; olives; wild fruits.

A full-time equivalent, sometimes abbreviated as FTE, is a unit to measure employed persons or students in a way that makes them comparable although they may work or study a different number of hours per week. The unit is obtained by comparing an employee's or student's average number of hours worked to the average number of hours of a full-time worker or student.

A fulltime person is therefore counted as one FTE, while a part-time worker / student gets a score in proportion to the hours he or she works or studies. For example, a part-time worker employed for 20 hours a week where full-time work consists of 40 hours, is counted as 0.5 FTE.

The workforce of an enterprise, activity, or country etc. can then be added up and expressed as the number of full-time equivalents. In the context of education the FTE unit attempts to standardize a student's actual course load in comparison with the normal course load.

Gross domestic product (GDP) at market prices reflects the production activity of resident producer units (i.e. industries).

It is equal to the economy's total output of goods and services at market prices, plus taxes minus subsidies on imports.

Gender gap may refer to any statistical disparities between men and women.

Usually, however, it refers to differences in labour market statistics, such as the gender pay gap, employment and unemployment

The gender pay gap, abbreviated as GPG, refers to the difference in average wages between men and women. The unadjusted gender pay gap is calculated as the difference between the average gross hourly earnings of male and female paid employees as a percentage of average gross hourly earnings of male paid employees. From the reference year 2006 onwards, the GPG is computed annually in the European Union (EU) by the European statistical system (ESS) according to 3 main guidelines; the GPG is: •unadjusted, i.e. without correcting for national differences in individual characteristics of employed men and women - the main reason is that, at this stage, there is neither consensus nor scientific evidence on which adjustment method should be used;

•calculated using gross hourly earnings - this choice aims at excluding from the measurement differences among EU Member States in terms of use of part time work;

•based on a harmonised source across the EU, the Structure of earnings survey (SES), a rich employer-employee matched data set. More specifically, the unadjusted GPG is calculated: •using the four-yearly Structure of earnings survey (SES) as a benchmark, from the 2006 survey onwards;

•using national estimates (based on national sources) provided by Member States for the years between the SES benchmark years, from reference year 2007 onwards (same coverage as SES);

•defining the GPG as the relative difference between the average (arithmetic mean) gross hourly earnings of women and men, expressed in %;

•with the same coverage as the SES: ◦no restrictions for age and hours worked, part-timers shall be included; ◦NACE Rev. 1.1. aggregate for sections C to O, excluding L (section L and the total C to O are optional) – NACE Rev 2 B to S excluding O - i.e. the whole economy except agriculture, fishing, public administration, private households and extra-territorial organisations;

◦size of enterprises: only those with 10 employees or more;

◦gross hourly earnings shall include paid overtime and exclude non-regular payments. The unadjusted GPG for the EU and the euro area is calculated by Eurostat (only for the aggregated NACE sections B to S without O) as the weighted mean of the gender pay gaps in EU Member States, using the numbers of employees in Member States as weights.

The general government sector has four subsectors: 1. Central government 2. State government, among the reporting EU Member States and EFTA countries, this is only applicable in Belgium, Germany, Spain, Austria and Switzerland 3. Local government 4. Social security funds, social security funds are not separately reported in Ireland, Cyprus, Malta, the United Kingdom and Norway.

In the European system of accounts (ESA2010), paragraph 2.111 the general government sectors is defined as the general government sector (S.13) consisting

•"of institutional units which are non-market producers whose output is intended for individual and collective consumption, and are financed by compulsory payments made by units belonging to other sectors, and institutional units principally engaged in the redistribution of national income and wealth." Therefore, the main functions of general government units are:

•to organise or redirect the flows of money, goods and services or other assets among corporations, among households, and between corporations and households; in the purpose of social justice, increased efficiency or other aims legitimised by the citizens; examples are the redistribution of national income and wealth, the corporate income tax paid by companies to finance unemployment benefits, the social contributions paid by employees to finance the pension systems;

•to produce goods and services to satisfy households' needs (e.g. state health care) or to collectively meet the needs of the whole community (e.g. defence, public order and safety).

Gross fixed capital formation, abbreviated as GFCF, consists of resident producers’ investments, deducting disposals, in fixed assets during a given period. It also includes certain additions to the value of non-produced assets realized by producers or institutional units. Fixed assets are tangible or intangible assets produced as outputs from production processes that are used repeatedly, or continuously, for more than one year.

The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of income within a country deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. A coefficient of 0 expresses perfect equality where everyone has the same income, while a coefficient of 100 expresses full inequality where only one person has all the income.

Gross national income, abbreviated as GNI, is the sum of incomes of residents of an economy in a given period. It is equal to GDP minus primary income payable by resident units to non-resident units, plus primary income receivable from the rest of the world (from non-resident units to resident units).

Gross operating surplus, abbreviated as GOS, can be defined in the context of national accounts as a balancing item in the generation of income account representing the excess amount of money generated by incorporated enterprises' operating activities after paying labour input costs. In other words, it is the capital available to financial and non-financial corporations which allows them to repay their creditors, to pay taxes and eventually to finance all or part of their investment. GOS differs from profits shown in company accounts for several reasons. Only a subset of total costs are subtracted from gross output to calculate the GOS.

Essentially GOS is gross output less the cost of intermediate goods and services to give gross value added, and less compensation of employees. It is gross because it makes no allowance for consumption of fixed capital (CFC). By deducting CFC from GOS one calculates net operating surplus (NOS). A similar concept for unincorporated enterprises (e.g. small family businesses like farms and retail shops or self-employed taxi drivers, lawyers and health professionals) is gross mixed income.

Since in most such cases it is difficult to distinguish between income from labour and income from capital, the balancing item in the generation of income account is "mixed" by including both, the remuneration of the capital and labour (of the family members and self-employed) used in production. By deducting CFC from gross mixed income one obtains net mixed income.

In order to achieve consistency between on the one hand the national accounts logic (expressed in the sequence of accounts for production, generation, distribution, redistribution and use of income, accumulation and financing) and on the other hand a government budget perspective (government spending and receipts), two additional concepts about national accounts categories are defined in the European system of national and regional accounts (ESA 2010) - government total revenue and government total expenditure.

This alternative presentation to the national accounts sequence of accounts, at the core of which is the harmonised definition of total revenue and total expenditure is in many ways better suited to the particular analytical requirements of fiscal analysts. This presentation is commonly called the government finance statistics presentation (GFS). Both presentations are complementary, with two tables in the GFS part of the national accounts transmission programme allowing for a full or near full presentation of both concepts.

The key balancing item of the GFS non-financial accounts is net lending (+)/ net borrowing (-) or more commonly the surplus/ deficit.

It is alternatively derived through the sequence of accounts or through the difference between total revenue and total expenditure.

Net lending (+)/ net borrowing (-) =Government surplus / deficit (net lending/ borrowing under EDP) = gross saving (defined as gross disposable income less final consumption expenditure) less net capital transfers less gross acquisitions less disposals of non-financial assets, or = total revenue less total expenditure = (conceptually) net acquisition of financial assets less net incurrence of liabilities Government revenue and expenditure

Total revenue

Total revenue is the aggregate of all transactions recorded under resources in the ESA framework, including subsidies receivable in the current accounts and capital transfers receivable recorded in the capital account. Total expenditure is an aggregate of all transactions recorded under positive uses, and subsidies payable, in the current accounts as well as transactions (gross capital formation, acquisition less disposals of non-financial nonproduced assets plus capital transfers payable) in the capital account. A revenue transaction is one that increases net worth.

Revenue is presented in the tables as the sum of taxes, net social contributions, sales (defined as market output, output for own final use and payments for nonmarket production), other current revenues and capital transfer revenues. Total taxes are composed of taxes on production and imports (so-called indirect taxes), current taxes on income and wealth (direct taxes), and capital taxes (some classifications of taxes include capital taxes as a component of direct taxes). Net social contributions consist of actual social contributions by employers and households collected as well as imputed social contributions, households' social contribution supplements and social insurance scheme service charges. 'Other current revenues' consist of the categories property income earned, other subsidies on production received and other current transfers. While this latter category is often dominated by other current transfers between different levels of government, these must be consolidated when presenting data for the whole general government. Total expenditure Total expenditure is calculated as the sum of transactions in the following categories: compensation of employees, intermediate consumption, interest, subsidies, social benefits, other current expenditure, capital transfers and capital investments.

The categories 'compensation of employees' and 'intermediate consumption' form part of the cost of production incurred by the government as a producer. The category 'compensation of employees' includes 'wages and salaries paid' and the 'employers' social insurance contributions' (including imputed social contributions). 'Intermediate consumption' contains the goods and services consumed by the government during its production process. Social benefits consist of social benefits other than social transfers in kind (mainly cash transfers) and of social transfers in kind purchased via market producers (such as the provision, paid by government, of medical services by health care providers classified outside the general government sector).

The recording of social benefits expenditure does not include social transfers in kind provided by non-market producers within general government, such as medical services provided by hospitals classified within general government or certain types of social housing. This is to avoid counting such expenditures twice (once as social transfers and once as a cost of production) in the calculation of total expenditure. The category 'interest' includes payments on government liabilities on an accrual basis. Interest expenditure does not include fees and charges made under the service component of interest payments; such expenditures are recorded as 'intermediate consumption'.

The category 'other current expenditure' is composed of 'other taxes on production', 'property income other than interest', 'current taxes on income, wealth, etc.', 'other current transfers' and the 'adjustment for the change in pension entitlements'. 'Capital transfers' comprise 'investment grants' and 'other capital transfers'. Last in the sequence, the category 'capital investments' includes 'gross fixed capital formation' among other capital transactions. Disposals of non-financial assets are included as negative investments in this category and not on the revenue side.

The gender pay gap, abbreviated as GPG, refers to the difference in average wages between men and women. The unadjusted gender pay gap is calculated as the difference between the average gross hourly earnings of male and female paid employees as a percentage of average gross hourly earnings of male paid employees. From the reference year 2006 onwards, the GPG is computed annually in the European Union (EU) by the European statistical system (ESS) according to 3 main guidelines; the GPG is: •unadjusted, i.e. without correcting for national differences in individual characteristics of employed men and women-the main reason is that, at this stage, there is neither consensus nor scientific evidence on which adjustment method should be used;

•calculated using gross hourly earnings-this choice aims at excluding from the measurement differences among EU Member States in terms of use of part time work;

•based on a harmonised source across the EU, the Structure of earnings survey (SES), a rich employer-employee matched data set. More specifically, the unadjusted GPG is calculated:

•using the four-yearly Structure of earnings survey (SES) as a benchmark, from the 2006 survey onwards;

•using national estimates (based on national sources) provided by Member States for the years between the SES benchmark years, from reference year 2007 onwards (same coverage as SES);

•defining the GPG as the relative difference between the average (arithmetic mean) gross hourly earnings of women and men, expressed in %;

•with the same coverage as the SES: ◦no restrictions for age and hours worked, part-timers shall be included; ◦NACE Rev. 1.1. aggregate for sections C to O, excluding L (section L and the total C to O are optional) – NACE Rev 2 B to S excluding O - i.e. the whole economy except agriculture, fishing, public administration, private households and extraterritorial organisations; ◦size of enterprises: only those with 10 employees or more; ◦gross hourly earnings shall include paid overtime and exclude nonregular payments. The unadjusted GPG for the EU and the euro area is calculated by Eurostat (only for the aggregated NACE sections B to S without O) as the weighted mean of the gender pay gaps in EU Member States, using the numbers of employees in Member States as weights.

The grazing livestock density index measures the stock of grazing animals (cattle, sheep, goats and equidae) per fodder area (consisting of fodder crops grown on arable land as well as permanent grassland). It is the ratio of the number of livestock units (LSUs) (converted from the number of animals using standard coefficients) per hectare of fodder area. Livestock patterns give an indication of the pressure of livestock farming on the environment. Through manure production livestock contributes to climate change (greenhouse gas emissions) and nutrient leaching into water and air. In contrast with manure of other animal types, the manure of grazing livestock is mainly used for fertilisation of fodder area. Therefore the indicator relates the number of grazing livestock to the fodder area.

A higher grazing livestock density means that more manure is available per ha of fodder area, which increases the risk of nutrient leaching. The actual impact on the environment of grazing livestock is however also depending on farmer practices. A higher grazing livestock index therefore does not necessarily means environmental degradation.

Gross domestic product, abbreviated as GDP, is a basic measure of a country's overall economy. As an aggregate measure of production, GDP is equal to the sum of the gross value added of all resident institutional units engaged in production, plus any taxes on products and minus any subsidies on products. Gross value added is the difference between output and intermediate consumption.

GDP is also equal to:

•the sum of the final uses of goods and services (all uses except intermediate consumption) measured in purchasers' prices, minus the value of imports of goods and services; •the sum of primary incomes distributed by resident producer units.

Gross domestic product (GDP) at market prices reflects the production activity of resident producer units (i.e. industries). It is equal to the economy's total output of goods and services at market prices, plus taxes minus subsidies on imports.

Gross domestic product (GDP) in purchasing power standards is gross domestic product (GDP) converted into purchasing power standards (PPS), an artificial currency unit. This conversion is done via purchasing power parities, based on the theory that the exchange rate between two currencies is at an equilibrium when their domestic purchasing powers at that exchange rate are equivalent.

The GDP in PPS represents pure volume, after subtracting for price-level differences between countries.

Gross national electricity consumption includes the total gross national electricity generation from all fuels (including auto-production), plus electricity imports, minus exports. Auto-production is defined as a natural or legal person generating electricity essentially for his/her own use. Gross electricity generation is measured at the outlet of the main transformers, i.e. it includes consumption in the plant auxiliaries and in transformers.

Gross electricity generation or gross electricity production refers to the process of producing electrical energy. It is the total amount of electrical energy produced by transforming other forms of energy, for example nuclear or wind power. It is commonly expressed in gigawatt hours (GWh) i.e. 1 billion (10^9) watt-hours. Total gross electricity generation covers gross electricity generation in all types of power plants. The gross electricity generation at plant level is defined as the electricity measured at the outlet of the main transformers, i.e. including the amount of electricity used in the plant auxiliaries and in the transformers.

Gross electricity generation or gross electricity production refers to the process of producing electrical energy. It is the total amount of electrical energy produced by transforming other forms of energy, for example nuclear or wind power. It is commonly expressed in gigawatt hours (GWh) i.e. 1 billion (10^9) watt-hours. Total gross electricity generation covers gross electricity generation in all types of power plants.

The gross electricity generation at plant level is defined as the electricity measured at the outlet of the main transformers, i.e. including the amount of electricity used in the plant auxiliaries and in the transformers.

Gross electricity generation or gross electricity production refers to the process of producing electrical energy. It is the total amount of electrical energy produced by transforming other forms of energy, for example nuclear or wind power. It is commonly expressed in gigawatt hours (GWh) i.e. 1 billion (10^9) watt-hours. Total gross electricity generation covers gross electricity generation in all types of power plants. The gross electricity generation at plant level is defined as the electricity measured at the outlet of the main transformers, i.e. including the amount of electricity used in the plant auxiliaries and in the transformers.

Gross inland energy consumption, sometimes abbreviated as gross inland consumption, is the total energy demand of a country or region. It represents the quantity of energy necessary to satisfy inland consumption of the geographical entity under consideration.

Gross inland energy consumption covers:

•consumption by the energy sector itself;

•distribution and transformation losses;

•final energy consumption by end users;

•'statistical differences' (not already captured in the figures on primary energy consumption and final energy consumption).

Gross inland consumption does not include energy (fuel oil) provided to international maritime bunkers. It is calculated as follows: primary production + recovered products + net imports + variations of stocks – bunkers. The difference between gross inland energy consumption and gross (energy) consumption is that in gross energy consumption the transformation output (electricity or heat produced from other energy sources) is included.

Therefore, gross energy consumption is a productspecific consumption and does not reflect the demand for primary energy.

Gross fixed capital formation, abbreviated as GFCF,consists of resident producers’ investments, deducting disposals, in fixed assets during a given period. It also includes certain additions to the value of non-produced assets realized by producers or institutional units. Fixed assets are tangible or intangible assets produced as outputs from production processes that are used repeatedly, or continuously, for more than one year.

The gross indigenous production, abbreviated as GIP, is the net production of slaughtered animals plus the trade balance (exports minus imports) of intra-EU and external trade in these live animals. When a negative external trade balance exceeds the number of slaughterings, the gross indigenous production may be negative. The GIP can be estimated from the slaughtering and meat production data combined with the balance of external trade for live animals. The GIP is forecast by the European Union Member States, which provide Eurostat with these figures once or twice a year.

Gross inland energy consumption, sometimes abbreviated as gross inland consumption, is the total energy demand of a country or region. It represents the quantity of energy necessary to satisfy inland consumption of the geographical entity under consideration. Gross inland energy consumption covers:

•consumption by the energy sector itself;

•distribution and transformation losses;

•final energy consumption by end users;

•'statistical differences' (not already captured in the figures on primary energy consumption and final energy consumption). Gross inland consumption does not include energy (fuel oil) provided to international maritime bunkers. It is calculated as follows: primary production + recovered products + net imports + variations of stocks – bunkers.

The difference between gross inland energy consumption and gross (energy) consumption is that in gross energy consumption the transformation output (electricity or heat produced from other energy sources) is included. Therefore, gross energy consumption is a product-specific consumption and does not reflect the demand for primary energy.

Gross inland energy consumption, sometimes abbreviated as gross inland consumption, is the total energy demand of a country or region. It represents the quantity of energy necessary to satisfy inland consumption of the geographical entity under consideration. Gross inland energy consumption covers:

•consumption by the energy sector itself;

•distribution and transformation losses;

•final energy consumption by end users;

•'statistical differences' (not already captured in the figures on primary energy consumption and final energy consumption). Gross inland consumption does not include energy (fuel oil) provided to international maritime bunkers. It is calculated as follows: primary production + recovered products + net imports + variations of stocks – bunkers. The difference between gross inland energy consumption and gross (energy) consumption is that in gross energy consumption the transformation output (electricity or heat produced from other energy sources) is included. Therefore, gross energy consumption is a product-specific consumption and does not reflect the demand for primary energy.

Gross investment in tangible goods is defined as investment during the reference period in all tangible goods. Included are new and existing tangible capital goods, whether bought from third parties or produced for own use (i.e. capitalised production of tangible capital goods), having a useful life of more than one year including non-produced tangible goods such as land. Investments in intangible and financial assets are excluded.

Gross operating surplus, abbreviated as GOS, can be defined in the context of national accounts as a balancing item in the generation of income account representing the excess amount of money generated by incorporated enterprises' operating activities after paying labour input costs. In other words, it is the capital available to financial and non-financial corporations which allows them to repay their creditors, to pay taxes and eventually to finance all or part of their investment. GOS differs from profits shown in company accounts for several reasons. Only a subset of total costs are subtracted from gross output to calculate the GOS.

Essentially GOS is gross output less the cost of intermediate goods and services to give gross value added, and less compensation of employees. It is gross because it makes no allowance for consumption of fixed capital (CFC). By deducting CFC from GOS one calculates net operating surplus (NOS). A similar concept for unincorporated enterprises (e.g. small family businesses like farms and retail shops or self-employed taxi drivers, lawyers and health professionals) is gross mixed income. Since in most such cases it is difficult to distinguish between income from labour and income from capital, the balancing item in the generation of income account is "mixed" by including both, the remuneration of the capital and labour (of the family members and self-employed) used in production. By deducting CFC from gross mixed income one obtains net mixed income.

Gross national electricity consumption includes the total gross national electricity generation from all fuels (including auto-production), plus electricity imports, minus exports. Auto-production is defined as a natural or legal person generating electricity essentially for his/her own use. Gross electricity generation is measured at the outlet of the main transformers, i.e. it includes consumption in the plant auxiliaries and in transformers.

Gross national income, abbreviated as GNI, is the sum of incomes of residents of an economy in a given period. It is equal to GDP minus primary income payable by resident units to non-resident units, plus primary income receivable from the rest of the world (from non-resident units to resident units).

The gross nitrogen balance is an agri-environmental indicator (AEI) calculated from the total inputs minus total outputs to the soil. The gross nitrogen balance per ha is derived by dividing the total gross nitrogen balance by the reference area. The reference area is the sum of arable land (L0001), permanent grassland (L0002) and land under permanent crops (L0003). Data on these areas can be found in Eurobase (apro_cpp_luse)) The inputs of the gross nitrogen balance are:

•Fertilisers: - inorganic fertilisers; - other organic fertilisers (not including manure).

•Gross manure input: - manure production: animal excretion; - manure withdrawals: manure export, manure processed as industrial waste, nonagricultural use of manure, other withdrawals; - change in manure stocks; - manure import.

•Other inputs: - seeds and planting material;- biological nitrogen fixation by leguminous crops (like clover, soya beans etc) and free living organisms;- atmospheric nitrogen deposition. The outputs of the gross nitrogen balance are:

•total removal of nitrogen with the harvest of crops (cereals, dried pulses, root crops, industrial crops, vegetables, fruit, ornamental plants, other harvested crops);

•total removal of nitrogen with the harvest and grazing of fodder (fodder from arable land, permanent and temporary pasture consumption);

•crop residuals removed from the field.

The gross operating rate, in structural business statistics, is the ratio of gross operating surplus to turnover.

Gross operating surplus, abbreviated as GOS, can be defined in the context of national accounts as a balancing item in the generation of income account representing the excess amount of money generated by incorporated enterprises' operating activities after paying labour input costs. In other words, it is the capital available to financial and non-financial corporations which allows them to repay their creditors, to pay taxes and eventually to finance all or part of their investment.

GOS differs from profits shown in company accounts for several reasons. Only a subset of total costs are subtracted from gross output to calculate the GOS. Essentially GOS is gross output less the cost of intermediate goods and services to give gross value added, and less compensation of employees.

It is gross because it makes no allowance for consumption of fixed capital (CFC). By deducting CFC from GOS one calculates net operating surplus (NOS).

A similar concept for unincorporated enterprises (e.g. small family businesses like farms and retail shops or self-employed taxi drivers, lawyers and health professionals) is gross mixed income. Since in most such cases it is difficult to distinguish between income from labour and income from capital, the balancing item in the generation of income account is "mixed" by including both, the remuneration of the capital and labour (of the family members and self-employed) used in production. By deducting CFC from gross mixed income one obtains net mixed income.

The gross phosphorus balance is an agri-environmental indicator (AEI) calculated from the total inputs minus total outputs to the soil. The gross phosphorus balance per ha is derived by dividing the total gross phosphorus balance by the reference area. The reference area is the sum of arable land (L0001), permanent grassland (L0002) and land under permanent crops (L0003). Data on these areas can be found in Eurobase (apro_cpp_luse)). The inputs of the gross phosphorus balance are:

•Fertilisers: - inorganic fertilisers; - other organic fertilisers (not including manure).

•Gross manure input: - manure production: animal excretion; - manure withdrawals: manure export, manure processed as industrial waste, nonagricultural use of manure, other withdrawals; - change in manure stocks; - manure import.

•Other inputs: - seeds and planting material; - atmospheric phosphorus deposition. The outputs of the gross phosphorus balance are:

•total removal of phosphorus with the harvest of crops (cereals, dried pulses, root crops, industrial crops, vegetables, fruit, ornamental plants, other harvested crops);

•total removal of phosphorus with the harvest and grazing of fodder (fodder from arable land, permanent and temporary pasture consumption);

•crop residuals removed from the field.

The harmonised index of consumer prices, abbreviated as HICP, is the consumer price index as it is calculated in the European Union (EU), according to a harmonised approach and a single set of definitions.

It is mainly used to measure inflation. There are several types of HICP depending on the geographic area under consideration.

The most important ones are:

•the Monetary Union index of consumer prices (MUICP) — an aggregate index covering the countries in the euro area;

•the European index of consumer prices (EICP) — for the whole European Union, the euro area plus the other Member States;

•the national HICPs — for each of the EU Member States. In addition to the EU HICPs, an additional HICP aggregate index for the European Economic Area (EEA) is calculated: •the European Economic Area index of consumer prices (EEAICP), which in addition to the EU also covers Iceland and Norway.

Healthy life years, abbreviated as HLY and also called disability-free life expectancy (DFLE), is defined as the number of years that a person is expected to continue to live in a healthy condition. This statistical indicator is compiled separately for men and women, at birth and at ages 50 and 65. It is based on age-specific prevalence (proportions) of the population in healthy and unhealthy condition and age-specific mortality information.

A healthy condition is defined as one without limitation in functioning and without disability. The indicator is calculated following the widely used Sullivan method. It is based on measures of the age-specific proportion of population with and without disability and on mortality data. Its interest lies in its simplicity, the availability of its basic data, and its independence of the size and age structure of the population. However, cultural differences in reporting disability can influence the HLY indicator.

Household final consumption expenditure, abbreviated as HFCE, consists of the total outlay on individual goods and services by resident households, including those sold at below-market prices. HCFE includes imputed expenditures or transactions which do not occur in monetary terms and can therefore not be measured directly.

Household final monetary consumption expenditure, abbreviated as HFMCE, is expenditure made by households on goods or services for the direct satisfaction of individual needs or wants. Household final monetary consumption expediture is used to calculate the European Union (EU) harmonised index of consumer prices (HICP), an important measure of inflation.

It concerns that part of final consumption expenditure which is:

•by households, irrespective of their nationality or residence status;

•in monetary transactions;

•on the economic territory of an EU Member State;

•on goods and services that are used for the direct satisfaction of individual needs or wants;

•in one or both of the time periods being compared.

The harmonised index of consumer prices, abbreviated as HICP, is the consumer price index as it is calculated in the European Union (EU), according to a harmonised approach and a single set of definitions. It is mainly used to measure inflation. There are several types of HICP depending on the geographic area under consideration.

The most important ones are:

•the Monetary Union index of consumer prices (MUICP) — an aggregate index covering the countries in the euro area;

•the European index of consumer prices (EICP) — for the whole European Union, the euro area plus the other Member States;

•the national HICPs — for each of the EU Member States. In addition to the EU HICPs, an additional HICP aggregate index for the European Economic Area (EEA) is calculated: •the European Economic Area index of consumer prices (EEAICP), which in addition to the EU also covers Iceland and Norway.

Healthy life years, abbreviated as HLY and also called disability-free life expectancy (DFLE), is defined as the number of years that a person is expected to continue to live in a healthy condition. This statistical indicator is compiled separately for men and women, at birth and at ages 50 and 65. It is based on age-specific prevalence (proportions) of the population in healthy and unhealthy condition and age-specific mortality information.

A healthy condition is defined as one without limitation in functioning and without disability. The indicator is calculated following the widely used Sullivan method. It is based on measures of the age-specific proportion of population with and without disability and on mortality data.

Its interest lies in its simplicity, the availability of its basic data, and its independence of the size and age structure of the population. However, cultural differences in reporting disability can influence the HLY indicator.

Homicide is defined as the intentional killing of a person, including murder, manslaughter, euthanasia and infanticide. It excludes death by dangerous driving, abortion and help with suicide. Attempted (uncompleted) homicide is also excluded. In contrast with other offences, the counting unit for homicide is normally the victim rather than the case.

Homicide is fairly universally reported because of its seriousness, and definitions vary less between countries than for some other types of crime, so that homicide figures may be regarded as more comparable between countries than for other types of crime.

Hospital bed numbers provide information on healthcare capacities, in other words on the maximum number of patients who can be treated by hospitals. Hospital beds are those which are regularly maintained and staffed and immediately available for the care of admitted patients. They cover beds accommodating patients who are formally admitted (or hospitalised) to an institution for treatment and/or care and who stay for a minimum of one night.

These include: beds in all hospitals, including general hospitals, mental health and substance abuse hospitals, and other specialty hospitals, irrespective of whether the bed is occupied or not.

The statistics presented exclude surgical tables, recovery trolleys, emergency stretchers, beds for same-day care, cots for healthy infants, beds in wards which were closed for any reason, provisional and temporary beds, or beds in nursing and residential care facilities. A curative care bed or acute care bed is a hospital bed available for curative care; these form a subgroup of total hospital beds.

A discharge from hospital is the formal release of a patient from a hospital after a procedure or course of treatment. A discharge occurs whenever a patient leaves hospital upon completion of treatment, signing out against medical advice, transferring to another healthcare institution, or on death. A discharge includes inpatients or day cases and healthy newborn babies should also be included. Discharges should exclude transfers to another department within the same institution.

NACE REV.2 classification: Section I, Division 55, Class 55.1 - Hotels and similar accommodation. This class includes the provision of accommodation, typically on a daily or weekly basis, principally for short stays by visitors. This includes the provision of furnished accommodation in guest rooms and suites. Services include daily cleaning and bed-making. A range of additional services may be provided such as food and beverage services, parking, laundry services, swimming pools and exercise rooms, recreational facilities as well as conference and convention facilities.

This class includes accommodation provided by:

•hotels (and similar establishments, for instance operating under the name 'bed & breakfast');

•resort hotels;

•suite/apartment hotels;

•motels.

This class excludes provision of homes and furnished or unfurnished flats or apartments for more permanent use, typically on a monthly or annual basis, see division 68.

NACE REV.2 classification: Section I, Division 55, Class 55.1 - Hotels and similar accommodation. This class includes the provision of accommodation, typically on a daily or weekly basis, principally for short stays by visitors. This includes the provision of furnished accommodation in guest rooms and suites. Services include daily cleaning and bed-making. A range of additional services may be provided such as food and beverage services, parking, laundry services, swimming pools and exercise rooms, recreational facilities as well as conference and convention facilities.

This class includes accommodation provided by:

•hotels (and similar establishments, for instance operating under the name 'bed & breakfast');

•resort hotels;

•suite/apartment hotels;

•motels.

This class excludes provision of homes and furnished or unfurnished flats or apartments for more permanent use, typically on a monthly or annual basis, see division 68.

Hours worked is the number of hours actually worked, defined as the sum of all periods spent on direct and ancillary activities to produce goods and services. The average number of hours worked corresponds to the number of hours the person normally works. This includes all hours worked including overtime, regardless of whether they were paid. It excludes travel time between home and workplace, and main meal breaks (normally taken at midday).

The hours worked index (volume of work done) represents the aggregate number of hours actually worked for the output of the observation unit during the reference period. Excluded are hours paid but not worked such as annual leave, holidays, sickness, meal breaks and travel between home and work. Normal and additional working hours are included as well as short periods of rest.

The house price index, abbreviated as HPI, is an index that measures the changes in the transaction prices of dwellings purchased by households.

A household, in the context of surveys on social conditions or income such as EU-SILC or the Household budget survey (HBS), is defined as a housekeeping unit or, operationally, as a social unit:

•having common arrangements;

•sharing household expenses or daily needs;

•in a shared common residence.

A household includes either one person living alone or a group of people, not necessarily related, living at the same address with common housekeeping, i.e. sharing at least one meal per day or sharing a living or sitting room. Collective households or institutional households (as opposed to private households) are, for instance: hospitals, old people’s homes, residential homes, prisons, military barracks, religious institutions, boarding houses and workers’ hostels, etc.

The household debt-to-income ratio combines non-financial and financial accounts data. It is defined as the ratio of households’ debt arising from loans, recorded at the end of a calendar year, to the gross disposable income earned by households in the course of that year. It thereby constitutes a measure of the indebtedness of households, in relation with their ability to pay back their debt’s principal sum. The debt-to-income ratio is calculated on the basis of gross debt – that is without taking account of any assets held by households.

Household final consumption expenditure, abbreviated as HFCE, consists of the total outlay on individual goods and services by resident households, including those sold at below-market prices.

HCFE includes imputed expenditures or transactions which do not occur in monetary terms and can therefore not be measured directly.

Household final monetary consumption expenditure, abbreviated as HFMCE, is expenditure made by households on goods or services for the direct satisfaction of individual needs or wants. Household final monetary consumption expediture is used to calculate the European Union (EU) harmonised index of consumer prices (HICP), an important measure of inflation.

It concerns that part of final consumption expenditure which is:

•by households, irrespective of their nationality or residence status;

•in monetary transactions;

•on the economic territory of an EU Member State;

•on goods and services that are used for the direct satisfaction of individual needs or wants;

•in one or both of the time periods being compared.

The household investment rate is defined as gross investment (gross fixed capital formation; mainly dwellings) divided by gross disposable income (adjusted for the change in the net equity of households in pension funds reserves) of the household sector in national accounts. Household investment mainly consists of the purchase and renovation of dwellings. Consumer durables (which include passenger cars) are not considered as part of household investment.

Household saving, total savings of the household sector in national accounts, may be estimated by subtracting consumption expenditure and the adjustment for the change in net equity of households in pension funds reserves from disposable income. The latter consists essentially of income from employment and from the operation of unincorporated enterprises, plus receipts of interest, dividends and social benefits minus payments of income taxes, interest and social security contributions.

The household saving rate is defined as gross household saving divided by gross disposable income, with the latter being adjusted for the change in the net equity of households in pension funds reserves. Gross saving is the part of the gross disposable income which is not spent as final consumption expenditure.

Therefore, the saving rate increases when gross disposable income grows at a higher rate than final consumption expenditure. Saving rates can be measured on either a gross or net basis. Net saving rates are measured after deducting consumption of fixed capital (depreciation).

The housing cost overburden rate is the percentage of the population living in households where the total housing costs ('net' of housing allowances) represent more than 40 % of disposable income ('net' of housing allowances).

The house price index, abbreviated as HPI, is an index that measures the changes in the transaction prices of dwellings purchased by households.

A port is a place having facilities for merchant ships to moor and to load or unload cargo or to disembark or embark passengers to or from vessels, usually directly to a pier. A statistical port consists of one or more ports, normally controlled by a single port authority, able to record ship and cargo movements. A hub port is a port served by deep sea scheduled shipping and by scheduled short sea shipping.

The human development index, abbreviated as HDI, is a summary composite index incorporating statistical measures of life expectancy, literacy, educational attainment and GDP per capita, calculated by the United Nations (UN) under the UN Development Programme. It measures a country's average achievements in three basic aspects of human development: health, knowledge, and a decent standard of living.

Eurostat uses the 2006 HDI classification as the basis for the grouping of countries by level of development. The HDI provides an alternative to the common practice of evaluating a country’s progress in development only based on per-capita GDP.

Migration refers to the number of migrants, people changing their residence to or from a given area (usually a country) during a given time period (usually one year). Immigrants are people arriving or returning from abroad to take up residence in a country for a certain period, having previously been resident elsewhere. According to the 1998 United Nations recommendations on the statistics of international migration (Revision 1), an individual is a long-term immigrant if he/she stays in his/her country of destination for a period of 12 months or more, having previously been resident elsewhere for 12 months or more. Immigration is the number of immigrants for a given area during the year. Emigrants are people leaving the country where they usually reside and effectively taking up residence in another country.

According to the 1998 UN recommendations on the statistics of international migration (Revision 1), an individual is a long-term emigrant if he/she leaves his/her country of previous usual residence for a period of 12 months or more. Emigration is the number of emigrants for a given area during the year. Net migration is the difference between immigration to and emigration from a given area during the year (net migration is positive when there are more immigrants than emigrants and negative when there are more emigrants than immigrants). Since many countries either do not have accurate figures on immigration and emigration, or have no figures at all, net migration has to be estimated. It is usually estimated as the difference between the total population change and the natural increase during the year.

Net migration gives no indication of the relative scale of the separate immigration and emigration flows to and from a country; a country may report low net migration but experience high immigration and emigration flows. Crude rate of net migration is the ratio of net migration during the year to the average population in that year. The value is expressed per 1 000 inhabitants.

Migration refers to the number of migrants, people changing their residence to or from a given area (usually a country) during a given time period (usually one year). Immigrants are people arriving or returning from abroad to take up residence in a country for a certain period, having previously been resident elsewhere. According to the 1998 United Nations recommendations on the statistics of international migration (Revision 1), an individual is a long-term immigrant if he/she stays in his/her country of destination for a period of 12 months or more, having previously been resident elsewhere for 12 months or more. Immigration is the number of immigrants for a given area during the year. Emigrants are people leaving the country where they usually reside and effectively taking up residence in another country. According to the 1998 UN recommendations on the statistics of international migration (Revision 1), an individual is a long-term emigrant if he/she leaves his/her country of previous usual residence for a period of 12 months or more.

Emigration is the number of emigrants for a given area during the year. Net migration is the difference between immigration to and emigration from a given area during the year (net migration is positive when there are more immigrants than emigrants and negative when there are more emigrants than immigrants). Since many countries either do not have accurate figures on immigration and emigration, or have no figures at all, net migration has to be estimated. It is usually estimated as the difference between the total population change and the natural increase during the year. Net migration gives no indication of the relative scale of the separate immigration and emigration flows to and from a country; a country may report low net migration but experience high immigration and emigration flows. Crude rate of net migration is the ratio of net migration during the year to the average population in that year. The value is expressed per 1 000 inhabitants.

The industrial import price index, abbreviated as IMPR or sometimes MPI, measures the monthly change of prices of products imported by domestic residents (mainly enterprises) in European Union (EU) Member States from other countries (including other EU Member States). The indicator distinguishes imports from the euro area from those arriving from outside the euro area. The MPI covers mainly manufactured products. Also covered are mining, energy (gas, electricity etc.) and water (i.e. products classified under sections B, to E of the Statistical classification of products by activity (CPA)). Some product groups are however excluded (such as nuclear products, weapons, ships and aircrafts, printing, some repair services and water treatment). Excluded are also the imports by households, governments and non-profit institutions. Import prices in the MPI:

•include cost, insurance and freight at the national border of the importing country, but not duties or import taxes;

•are actual transaction prices (not list prices) including e.g. discounts;

•are measured in the currency of the importing EU country. Transactions in other currencies have to be converted (this implies that the MPI is affected by exchange rate fluctuations);

•must take into account all price determining qualities of the imported products (e.g. servicer and guarantee conditions, included transport costs etc.);

•are recorded when ownership is transferred and the index should reflect the average prices during the reference period (month). Import price indices show the development of prices of intermediate products for production and of consumption goods and are an important tool to monitor, analyze and forecast price developments of domestic products. They are in particular used by the European Central Bank and national central banks and are one of the 'principal European economic indicators (PEEI)'. Import prices are available for total industry (see above) and for the main industrial groupings. For larger countries they are also available at 2-digit NACE level. There is no legal obligation for countries that are not members of the euro area to report import prices but a number of these countries provide data on a voluntary basis.

The industrial import price index, abbreviated as IMPR or sometimes MPI, measures the monthly change of prices of products imported by domestic residents (mainly enterprises) in European Union (EU) Member States from other countries (including other EU Member States). The indicator distinguishes imports from the euro area from those arriving from outside the euro area. The MPI covers mainly manufactured products. Also covered are mining, energy (gas, electricity etc.) and water (i.e. products classified under sections B, to E of the Statistical classification of products by activity (CPA)). Some product groups are however excluded (such as nuclear products, weapons, ships and aircrafts, printing, some repair services and water treatment).

Excluded are also the imports by households, governments and nonprofit institutions. Import prices in the MPI:

•include cost, insurance and freight at the national border of the importing country, but not duties or import taxes; •are actual transaction prices (not list prices) including e.g. discounts;

•are measured in the currency of the importing EU country. Transactions in other currencies have to be converted (this implies that the MPI is affected by exchange rate fluctuations);

•must take into account all price determining qualities of the imported products (e.g. servicer and guarantee conditions, included transport costs etc.);

•are recorded when ownership is transferred and the index should reflect the average prices during the reference period (month). Import price indices show the development of prices of intermediate products for production and of consumption goods and are an important tool to monitor, analyze and forecast price developments of domestic products. They are in particular used by the European Central Bank and national central banks and are one of the 'principal European economic indicators (PEEI)'.

Import prices are available for total industry (see above) and for the main industrial groupings. For larger countries they are also available at 2-digit NACE level. There is no legal obligation for countries that are not members of the euro area to report import prices but a number of these countries provide data on a voluntary basis.

In-patient(s) are patients who are formally admitted (or ‘hospitalised’) to an institution for treatment and/or care and stay for a minimum of one night or more than 24 hours in the hospital or other institution providing in-patient care.

The income approach to calculate gross domestic product (GDP) sums the compensation of employees, taxes on production and imports less subsidies on production, gross operating surplus and mixed income.

The income-side approach shows how GDP is distributed among different participants in the production process, as the sum of:

* compensation of employees: the total remuneration, in cash or in kind, payable by an employer to an employee in return for work done by the latter during the accounting period; the compensation of employees is broken down into: wages and salaries (in cash and in kind); employers' social contributions (employers' actual social contributions and employers' imputed social contributions);

* gross operating surplus: this is the surplus (or deficit) on production activities before account has been taken of the interest, rents or charges paid or received for the use of assets;

* mixed income: this is the remuneration for the work carried out by the owner (or by members of his/her family) of an unincorporated enterprise; this is referred to as 'mixed income' since it cannot be distinguished from the entrepreneurial profit of the owner;

* taxes on production and imports less subsidies on production: the former consist of compulsory, unrequited payments to or from general government or institutions of the EU, in respect of the production or import of goods and services, the employment of labour, and the ownership or use of land, buildings or other assets used in production. Subsidies on production consist of 'subsidies except subsidies on products which resident producer units may receive as a consequence of engaging in production'.

The income quintile share ratio or the S80/S20 ratio is a measure of the inequality of income distribution. It is calculated as the ratio of total income received by the 20 % of the population with the highest income (the top quintile) to that received by the 20 % of the population with the lowest income (the bottom quintile).

The income quintile share ratio or the S80/S20 ratio is a measure of the inequality of income distribution. It is calculated as the ratio of total income received by the 20 % of the population with the highest income (the top quintile) to that received by the 20 % of the population with the lowest income (the bottom quintile).

All incomes are compiled as equivalised disposable incomes.

Infant mortality is the mortality of live-born children aged less than one year.

The infant mortality rate is defined as the ratio of the number of deaths of children under one year of age to the number of live births in the reference year; the value is expressed per 1000 live births.

Inflation is an increase in the general price level of goods and services. When there is inflation in an economy, the value of money decreases because a given amount will buy fewer goods and services than before. Inflation in an economy is often calculated by examining a basket of goods and services and comparing the changes in the prices of that basket over time.

Inflation is an increase in the general price level of goods and services. When there is inflation in an economy, the value of money decreases because a given amount will buy fewer goods and services than before.Inflation in an economy is often calculated by examining a basket of goods and services and comparing the changes in the prices of that basket over time. The inflation rate is the percentage change in the price index for a given period compared to that recorded in a previous period.

It is usually calculated on a year-on-year or annual basis.For an index value of 183.1 for January of this year, and an index value of 178.4 recorded in January last year, the annual rate of inflation of January this year would be: (183.1 / 178.4 − 1) * 100 = 2.6 %

Similarly, one may compile month-on-month rates of change or average annual rates of change. Deflation is the opposite of inflation. It is a decrease in the general price level of goods and services and represents an increase in the value of money, where an amount of money can be exchanged for more goods and services.

In-patient(s) are patients who are formally admitted (or ‘hospitalised’) to an institution for treatment and/or care and stay for a minimum of one night or more than 24 hours in the hospital or other institution providing in-patient care

National accounts, often called macroeconomic accounts and abbreviated as NA, are statistics focusing on the structure and evolution of economies. They describe and analyse, in an accessible and reliable way, the economic interactions (transactions) within an economy. There are an almost unimaginable large number of these transactions. The national accounts sector refers to the whole economy (a country, the European Union (EU) or the euro area) as a sector. All institutional units operating within an economy can be assigned to a particular institutional sector. Breakdowns by institutional sector are given by the sector accounts.

The institutional sectors group institutional units with broadly similar characteristics and behaviour, the following mutually exclusive ones can be distinguished:

•non-financial corporations;

•financial corporations;

•general government;

•households;

•non-profit institutions serving households. Transactions with non-residents and the financial claims of residents on non- residents, or vice versa, are recorded in the "rest of the world" account. Macroeconomic developments, such as economic growth and inflation, are driven by the actions of the individual economic subjects in an economy. Grouping economic subjects with similar behaviour into institutional sectors helps significantly in understanding the functioning of the economy.

Bunkers includes all dutiable petroleum products loaded aboard a vessel for consumption by that vessel. International maritime bunkers describe the quantities of fuel oil delivered to ships of all flags that are engaged in international navigation. It is the fuel used to power these ships.

International navigation may take place at sea, on inland lakes and waterways, and in coastal waters. International maritime bunkers do not include fuel oil consumption by:

•ships engaged in domestic navigation; whether a vessel is engaged in domestic or international navigation is determined only by the ship's port of departure and port of arrival - not by the flag or nationality of the ship;

•fishing vessels;

•military forces.

In the context of the survey on internet use within households, internet access refers to the possibility for anyone in a household to access the internet from home. It does not mean ‘connectivity’, i.e. whether connections can be made in the household’s area or street. The term internet access for enterprises means having an external connection from the enterprise to the internet through an ‘internet service provider’ (ISP).

Internet use is the number of people accessing the internet, usually expressed as a proportion of the population. In the context of the survey on internet use within households, an internet user is defined as someone who has used the internet within the last three months, while a regular internet user is defined as someone who has used the internet at least once a week within the reference period of the survey (the first three months of the calendar year), regardless of where they do so.

An internet user, in the context of information society statistics, is defined as a person making use of the internet in whatever way:

•whether at home, at work or from anywhere else;

•whether for private or professional purposes;

•regardless of the device or type of connection used.

Investment, equivalent to gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) in national accounts terms, accounts on average for 19 % of gross domestic product (GDP) in European Union (EU) Member States.

It is made up of the following categories:

•Machinery, equipment and other products: Metal products and equipment, except electrical and optical equipment; Fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment; Engines and turbines, pumps and compressors; Other general purpose machinery; Agricultural and forestry machinery; Machine tools •Machinery for metallurgy, mining, quarrying and construction

•Machinery for food, beverages and tobacco processing

•Machinery for textile, apparel and leather production

•Other special purpose machinery

•Electrical and optical equipment

•Office machinery

•Computers and other information processing equipment

•Electrical machinery and apparatus

•Radio, TV and communications equipment and apparatus

•Medical, precision and optical instruments, watches and clocks

•Transport equipment

•Road transport equipment

•Other transport equipment

•Boats, steamers, tugs, floating platforms, rigs

•Locomotives, rail-cars, vans and wagons, other rail equipment

•Aircraft, helicopters, hovercrafts and other aeronautical equipment

•Products of agriculture, forestry, fisheries and aquaculture

•Software

•Other products

•Construction

•Residential buildings

•Non-residential buildings

•Civil engineering works

Foreign affiliates statistics, abbreviated as FATS, describe the activities of foreign affiliates: enterprises resident in a country or area, such as the European Union (EU), controlled or owned by (multinational) enterprises which are resident outside that country or area. Ultimate controlling institutional unit (UCI) of a foreign affiliate shall mean the institutional unit, moving up a foreign affiliate's chain of control, which is not controlled by another institutional unit. The UCI has a key role in the statistics on globalisation. It determines how a unit should be treated in inward or outward FATS or FDI statistics.

A distinction can be made between outward FATS, on the activities of own affiliates abroad and inward FATS, on the activities of foreign enterprises within the own country or area. Inward FATS describe the overall activity of foreign affiliates resident in the compiling economy. A foreign affiliate within the terms of inward FATS is an enterprise resident in the compiling country over which an institutional unit not resident in the compiling country has control. In simpler terms, inward FATS describe how many jobs, how much turnover, etc. are generated by foreign investors in a given EU host economy.

While FDI statistics give an idea of the total amount of capital invested by foreigners in the EU economy, FATS add to that information by providing insight into the economic impact those investments have in the EU in terms of job creation, etc. Control – in this context – is the ability to determine the general policy of an enterprise by choosing appropriate directors, if necessary. However, control is often difficult to determine and, in practice, the share of ownership is often used as a proxy for control.

FATS thus focus on the affiliates that are majorityowned by a single investor or by a group of associated investors acting in concert and owning more than 50% of ordinary shares or voting power. However, other criteria may also be relevant for defining foreign control, and thus other cases (multiple minority ownership, joint ventures, and qualitative assessment determining control) should be covered as regards assessment of control. Outward FATS describe the activity of foreign affiliates abroad controlled by the compiling country.

Foreign affiliate within the terms of outward FATS is an enterprise not resident in the compiling country over which an institutional unit resident in the compiling country has control. In simpler terms, outward FATS data describe, for example, how many employees work for affiliates of EU enterprises based abroad? In this case outward FATS give an idea of the economic impact of EU investments abroad (e.g. how many employees work for affiliates of German enterprises in China, what the exports of affiliates of British firms based in India are, etc.).

A job vacancy is a post, either newly created, unoccupied or about to become vacant, which the employer:

•actively seeks to fill with a suitable candidate from outside the enterprise (including any further necessary steps);

• immediately or in the near future. Although the definition states that a job vacancy should be open to candidates from outside the enterprise, this does not exclude the possibility of appointing an internal candidate to the post. A post that is open to internal candidates only, however, is not considered a job vacancy.

The job vacancy rate, abbreviated as JVR, measures the percentage of vacant posts, as defined above, compared with the total number of occupied and unoccupied posts; it is calculated as follows: JVR = number of job vacancies / (number of occupied posts + number of job vacancies) * 100 An occupied post is a post within an organization to which an employee has been assigned.

Data on job vacancies and occupied posts are broken down by economic activity, occupation, size of enterprise and region

A job vacancy is a post, either newly created, unoccupied or about to become vacant, which the employer:

• actively seeks to fill with a suitable candidate from outside the enterprise (including any further necessary steps);

•immediately or in the near future. Although the definition states that a job vacancy should be open to candidates from outside the enterprise, this does not exclude the possibility of appointing an internal candidate to the post. A post that is open to internal candidates only, however, is not considered a job vacancy.

The job vacancy rate, abbreviated as JVR, measures the percentage of vacant posts, as defined above, compared with the total number of occupied and unoccupied posts; it is calculated as follows: JVR = number of job vacancies / (number of occupied posts + number of job vacancies) * 100

An occupied post is a post within an organization to which an employee has been assigned. Data on job vacancies and occupied posts are broken down by economic activity, occupation, size of enterprise and region.

Labour cost or total labour cost is the total expenditure borne by employers for employing staff.

Total labour cost consists of:

•employee compensation (including wages, salaries in cash and in kind, employers’ social security contributions);

•vocational training costs;

•other expenditure such as recruitment costs, spending on working clothes and employment taxes regarded as labour costs;

•minus any subsidies received. Eurostat publishes annually the following three core indicators: average monthly labour cost: total labour cost per month divided by the corresponding number of employees (including apprentices), expressed as full-time equivalents; average hourly labour cost: total labour cost divided by the corresponding number of hours worked; structure of labour cost: wages and salaries, employers’ social security contributions and other labour costs, expressed as a percentage of total labour cost. Beside these annual labour cost data collection Eurostat also publishes the detailed results of the four-yearly Labour cost survey (LCS) and the series of the quarterly labour cost index (LCI). The Eurostat definition closely follows the international one laid down by the International Conference of Labour Statisticians (Geneva, 1966) in its resolution on the statistics of labour cost. The labour cost includes both direct and indirect costs.

•Direct costs (compensation of employees):

◦gross wages and salaries paid in cash; ◦direct remuneration (pay) and bonuses;

◦wages and salaries in kind (company products, housing, company cars, meal vouchers, crèches, etc.).

Direct costs are dominated by wages and salaries paid in cash.

•Indirect costs: employers’ actual social contributions (i.e. statutory, collectively agreed, contractual and voluntary social security contributions); employers’ imputed social contributions (mostly guaranteed pay in the event of sickness or short-time working, plus severance pay and compensation instead of notice); vocational training costs; recruitment costs and work clothes given by the employer; taxes paid by the employer (based on their wages and salaries bill or on the numbers they employ); minus subsidies received by the employer (intended to refund part or all of the cost of direct pay). Indirect costs are dominated by employers’ actual social contributions, in particular by employers’ statutory social security contributions.

The labour cost index, abbreviated as LCI, is a short-term indicator showing the short-term development of hourly labour costs incurred by employers, the total cost on an hourly basis of employing labour. In other words, the LCI measures the cost pressure arising from the production factor “labour”. It is calculated dividing the labour costs by the number of hours worked. Labour costs are made up of costs for wages and salaries, plus non-wage costs such as employer's social contributions.

These do not include vocational training costs or other expenditures such as recruitment costs, spending on working clothes, etc. The LCI covers all business units irrespective of the number of employees and all economic activities except agriculture, forestry and fishing, private households and extra-territorial organisations.

Labour productivity measures the amount of goods and services produced by each member of the labour force or the output per input of labour. It can be measured in a variety of ways. For structural indicators, it may be measured by gross domestic product (GDP), expressed in terms of the purchasing power standard (PPS), either relative to the number of employed people or to the number of hours worked.

In both cases, it is then expressed as an index. Within national accounts and structural business statistics, labour productivity is often defined as the value added per employed person.

Enterprises can be classified in different categories according to their size; for this purpose different criteria may be used (e.g. number of persons employed, employees, balance sheet total, investments, ...), but the one most common in a statistical context is number of persons employed :

•small and medium-sized enterprises, abbreviated as SMEs: fewer than 250 persons employed; SMEs are further subdivided into:

•micro enterprises: fewer than 10 persons employed;

•small enterprises: 10 to 49 persons employed;

•medium-sized enterprises: 50 to 249 persons employed;

•large enterprises: 250 or more persons employed.

The number of persons employed should not be confused with employees or full-time equivalents; 'persons employed' includes employees but also working proprietors, partners working regularly in the enterprise and unpaid family workers.

The labour cost index, abbreviated as LCI, is a short-term indicator showing the short-term development of hourly labour costs incurred by employers, the total cost on an hourly basis of employing labour. In other words, the LCI measures the cost pressure arising from the production factor “labour”.

It is calculated dividing the labour costs by the number of hours worked. Labour costs are made up of costs for wages and salaries, plus non-wage costs such as employer's social contributions. These do not include vocational training costs or other expenditures such as recruitment costs, spending on working clothes, etc.

The LCI covers all business units irrespective of the number of employees and all economic activities except agriculture, forestry and fishing, private households and extra-territorial organisations.

Life expectancy at a certain age is the mean additional number of years that a person of that age can expect to live, if subjected throughout the rest of his or her life to the current mortality conditions (age-specific probabilities of dying, i.e. the death rates observed for the current period). Life expectancy being expressed as the number of years persons of different ages may expect to live, starting from age zero, life expectancy at birth is the mean number of years a newborn child can expect to live if subjected throughout his or her life to the current mortality conditions, the probabilities of dying at each age.

Any later age can also be chosen as a starting point; the total expected life span is then this age plus the life expectancy at that age, the number of years a person of that age may expect to live if mortality patterns stay unchanged. Life expectancy is normally calculated separately for all age levels, as well as for males, females and the total population.

Life expectancy at a certain age is the mean additional number of years that a person of that age can expect to live, if subjected throughout the rest of his or her life to the current mortality conditions (age-specific probabilities of dying, i.e. the death rates observed for the current period). Life expectancy being expressed as the number of years persons of different ages may expect to live, starting from age zero, life expectancy at birth is the mean number of years a newborn child can expect to live if subjected throughout his or her life to the current mortality conditions, the probabilities of dying at each age. Any later age can also be chosen as a starting point; the total expected life span is then this age plus the life expectancy at that age, the number of years a person of that age may expect to live if mortality patterns stay unchanged. Life expectancy is normally calculated separately for all age levels, as well as for males, females and the total population.

Lifelong learning is the lifelong, voluntary and self-motivated pursuit of knowledge for personal or professional reasons. The overall aim of learning is to improve knowledge, skills and competences. The intention to learn distinguishes learning activities from non-learning activities such as cultural activities or sports activities. Within the domain of lifelong learning statistics, formal education covers education and training in the regular system of schools, universities and colleges. Non-formal education and training includes all taught learning activities which are not part of a formal education programme. The information collected relates to all education or training regardless of whether it is relevant to the respondent’s current or possible future job. Lifelong learning statistics collected by Eurostat do not cover informal learning. The target population of Eurostat's lifelong learning statistics is all members of private households aged between 25 and 64.

Data are collected through the EU Labour force survey (LFS). Lifelong learning indicators refer to persons aged 25 to 64 participating in the LFS who report that they received education or training in the four weeks preceding the survey (from 2004, this variable is derived from two other variables: ‘participation in regular education’ and ‘participation in other taught activities’; self-learning activities are no longer covered).

This figure is divided by the total population of the same age group from the LFS, excluding those who did not respond to questions on ‘participation in education and training’. In contrast to lifelong learning as a concept, lifelong learning statistics do not cover informal learning, which corresponds to self-learning (through the use of printed material, computer-based learning/training, online Internet-based web education, visiting libraries, etc).

A birth is defined as the start of life when a child emerges from the body of its mother. The total number of births includes both live births and stillbirths. A live birth is the birth of a child who showed any sign of life; the number of live births refers to the number of births excluding stillbirths.

A stillbirth is the expulsion or extraction from the mother of a dead foetus after the time at which it would normally be presumed capable of independent extrauterine existence (outside the uterus or womb). This is commonly taken to be after 24 or 28 weeks of gestation (the time from a child's conception to its birth).

A live birth outside marriage is a live birth where the mother’s marital status at the time of birth is other than married. The crude birth rate is the ratio of the number of births during the year to the average population in that year; the value is expressed per 1 000 inhabitants.

A birth is defined as the start of life when a child emerges from the body of its mother. The total number of births includes both live births and stillbirths. A live birth is the birth of a child who showed any sign of life; the number of live births refers to the number of births excluding stillbirths. A stillbirth is the expulsion or extraction from the mother of a dead foetus after the time at which it would normally be presumed capable of independent extrauterine existence (outside the uterus or womb). This is commonly taken to be after 24 or 28 weeks of gestation (the time from a child's conception to its birth).

A live birth outside marriage is a live birth where the mother’s marital status at the time of birth is other than married. The crude birth rate is the ratio of the number of births during the year to the average population in that year; the value is expressed per 1 000 inhabitants.

Live weight of fishery products is derived from the landed or product weight by the application of certain factors and is designed to represent the actual weight of the fishery product as it was taken from the water and before being subjected to any processing or other operations.

The livestock unit, abbreviated as LSU (or sometimes as LU), is a reference unit which facilitates the aggregation of livestock from various species and age as per convention, via the use of specific coefficients established initially on the basis of the nutritional or feed requirement of each type of animal (see table below for an overview of the most commonly used coefficients). The reference unit used for the calculation of livestock units (=1 LSU) is the grazing equivalent of one adult dairy cow producing 3 000 kg of milk annually, without additional concentrated foodstuffs.

Load capacity is in the road freight transport the maximum weight of goods declared permissible by the competent authority of the country of registration of the vehicle.

Local government consists of all types of public administration whose responsibility covers only a local part of the economic territory, apart from local agencies of social security funds. According to ESA 2010, paragraph 20.65 local government is defined as: The local government (excluding social security) subsector (S.1313) consists of government units having a local sphere of competence (with the possible exception of social security units).

Local governments typically provide a wide range of services to local residents, some of which may be financed out of grants from higher levels of government. Statistics for local government cover a wide variety of governmental units, such as counties, municipalities, cities, towns, townships, boroughs, school districts, and water or sanitation districts.

Often local government units with different functional responsibilities have authority over the same geographic areas. For example, separate government units representing a town, a county, and a school district have authority over the same area. In addition, two or more contiguous local governments may organise a government unit with regional authority that is accountable to local governments. Such units are classified to the local government subsector.

A local unit is an enterprise or part thereof (e.g. a workshop, factory, warehouse, office, mine or depot) situated in a geographically identified place. At or from this place economic activity is carried out for which - save for certain exceptions - one or more persons work (even if only part-time) for one and the same enterprise. Regional SBS data refer to local units, while the remainder of the SBS data collection refers to enterprises.

Statistics on water resources are usually calculated on the basis of a long-term annual average, of at least 20 years, to take account of the fluctuations in rainfall and evapotranspiration from one year to the next.

Migration refers to the number of migrants, people changing their residence to or from a given area (usually a country) during a given time period (usually one year). Immigrants are people arriving or returning from abroad to take up residence in a country for a certain period, having previously been resident elsewhere. According to the 1998 United Nations recommendations on the statistics of international migration (Revision 1), an individual is a long-term immigrant if he/she stays in his/her country of destination for a period of 12 months or more, having previously been resident elsewhere for 12 months or more. Immigration is the number of immigrants for a given area during the year. Emigrants are people leaving the country where they usually reside and effectively taking up residence in another country. According to the 1998 UN recommendations on the statistics of international migration (Revision 1), an individual is a long-term emigrant if he/she leaves his/her country of previous usual residence for a period of 12 months or more. Emigration is the number of emigrants for a given area during the year.

Net migration is the difference between immigration to and emigration from a given area during the year (net migration is positive when there are more immigrants than emigrants and negative when there are more emigrants than immigrants). Since many countries either do not have accurate figures on immigration and emigration, or have no figures at all, net migration has to be estimated. It is usually estimated as the difference between the total population change and the natural increase during the year.

Net migration gives no indication of the relative scale of the separate immigration and emigration flows to and from a country; a country may report low net migration but experience high immigration and emigration flows. Crude rate of net migration is the ratio of net migration during the year to the average population in that year. The value is expressed per 1 000 inhabitants.

Migration refers to the number of migrants, people changing their residence to or from a given area (usually a country) during a given time period (usually one year). Immigrants are people arriving or returning from abroad to take up residence in a country for a certain period, having previously been resident elsewhere. According to the 1998 United Nations recommendations on the statistics of international migration (Revision 1), an individual is a long-term immigrant if he/she stays in his/her country of destination for a period of 12 months or more, having previously been resident elsewhere for 12 months or more.

Immigration is the number of immigrants for a given area during the year. Emigrants are people leaving the country where they usually reside and effectively taking up residence in another country. According to the 1998 UN recommendations on the statistics of international migration (Revision 1), an individual is a long-term emigrant if he/she leaves his/her country of previous usual residence for a period of 12 months or more. Emigration is the number of emigrants for a given area during the year. Net migration is the difference between immigration to and emigration from a given area during the year (net migration is positive when there are more immigrants than emigrants and negative when there are more emigrants than immigrants).

Since many countries either do not have accurate figures on immigration and emigration, or have no figures at all, net migration has to be estimated. It is usually estimated as the difference between the total population change and the natural increase during the year. Net migration gives no indication of the relative scale of the separate immigration and emigration flows to and from a country; a country may report low net migration but experience high immigration and emigration flows. Crude rate of net migration is the ratio of net migration during the year to the average population in that year. The value is expressed per 1 000 inhabitants.

National accounts, often called macroeconomic accounts and abbreviated as NA, are statistics focusing on the structure and evolution of economies. They describe and analyse, in an accessible and reliable way, the economic interactions (transactions) within an economy. There are an almost unimaginable large number of these transactions. The national accounts sector refers to the whole economy (a country, the European Union (EU) or the euro area) as a sector.

All institutional units operating within an economy can be assigned to a particular institutional sector. Breakdowns by institutional sector are given by the sector accounts.

The institutional sectors group institutional units with broadly similar characteristics and behaviour, the following mutually exclusive ones can be distinguished:

•non-financial corporations;

•financial corporations;

•general government;

•households;

•non-profit institutions serving households.

Transactions with non-residents and the financial claims of residents on nonresidents, or vice versa, are recorded in the "rest of the world" account. Macroeconomic developments, such as economic growth and inflation, are driven by the actions of the individual economic subjects in an economy. Grouping economic subjects with similar behaviour into institutional sectors helps significantly in understanding the functioning of the economy.

Marital status is the legally defined marital state. There are several types of marital status: single, married, widowed, divorced, separated and, in certain cases, registered partnership. Never married persons are persons who never got married in concordance with valid regulations. Married persons are those who got married before a competent body in concordance with valid regulations. Widowed persons are persons whose marriage ceased to exist by death of one of spouses or by declaring a missing spouse dead respectfully. Divorced persons are those whose marriage was terminated.

De facto marital status De facto marital status can be defined as the status of each individual in terms of his or her living arrangements within the family or household, regardless of that person's legal marital status. Persons who have the family status of 'partner' may also be seen as having the de facto marital status of 'living with a spouse or partner'. All other persons have the de facto marital status of 'not living with a spouse or partner'.

A marriage is the act, ceremony or process by which the legal relationship between two persons is formed. The legality of the union may be established by civil, religious or other means as recognised by the laws of each country. In all European Union (EU) and other European countries, contracting a civil marriage (before official authorities and on a legal basis) is possible. However, the relation between a civil marriage and a religious marriage (before religious representative only) is not the same in all countries.

In 15 countries (Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom) a religious marriage has consequences for the civil marriage in the sense that a religious marriage is recognised by the state as being equivalent to a civil marriage.

France states that a religious marriage has no consequences for marital status, unless it has been contracted abroad. The crude marriage rate is the ratio of the number of marriages during the year to the average population in that year. The value is expressed per 1 000 inhabitants.

A marriage is the act, ceremony or process by which the legal relationship between two persons is formed. The legality of the union may be established by civil, religious or other means as recognised by the laws of each country. In all European Union (EU) and other European countries, contracting a civil marriage (before official authorities and on a legal basis) is possible. However, the relation between a civil marriage and a religious marriage (before religious representative only) is not the same in all countries.

In 15 countries (Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom) a religious marriage has consequences for the civil marriage in the sense that a religious marriage is recognised by the state as being equivalent to a civil marriage. France states that a religious marriage has no consequences for marital status, unless it has been contracted abroad. The crude marriage rate is the ratio of the number of marriages during the year to the average population in that year. The value is expressed per 1 000 inhabitants.

Material deprivation refers to a state of economic strain and durables, defined as the enforced inability (rather than the choice not to do so) to pay unexpected expenses, afford a one-week annual holiday away from home, a meal involving meat, chicken or fish every second day, the adequate heating of a dwelling, durable goods like a washing machine, colour television, telephone or car, being confronted with payment arrears (mortgage or rent, utility bills, hire purchase instalments or other loan payments).

The material deprivation rate is an indicator in EU-SILC that expresses the inability to afford some items considered by most people to be desirable or even necessary to lead an adequate life. The indicator distinguishes between individuals who cannot afford a certain good or service, and those who do not have this good or service for another reason, e.g. because they do not want or do not need it. The indicator adopted by the Social protection committee measures the percentage of the population that cannot afford at least three of the following nine items:

1.to pay their rent, mortgage or utility bills;

2.to keep their home adequately warm;

3.to face unexpected expenses;

4.to eat meat or proteins regularly;

5.to go on holiday;

6.a television set;

7.a washing machine;

8.a car;

9.a telephone.

Severe material deprivation rate is defined as the enforced inability to pay for at least four of the above-mentioned items. Persistent material deprivation rate is defined as the enforced inability to pay for at least three (material deprivation) or four (severe material deprivation) of the abovementioned items in the current year and at least two out of the preceding three years. Its calculation requires a longitudinal instrument, through which the individuals are followed over four years.

Material deprivation refers to a state of economic strain and durables, defined as the enforced inability (rather than the choice not to do so) to pay unexpected expenses, afford a one-week annual holiday away from home, a meal involving meat, chicken or fish every second day, the adequate heating of a dwelling, durable goods like a washing machine, colour television, telephone or car, being confronted with payment arrears (mortgage or rent, utility bills, hire purchase instalments or other loan payments).

The material deprivation rate is an indicator in EU-SILC that expresses the inability to afford some items considered by most people to be desirable or even necessary to lead an adequate life. The indicator distinguishes between individuals who cannot afford a certain good or service, and those who do not have this good or service for another reason, e.g. because they do not want or do not need it.

The indicator adopted by the Social protection committee measures the percentage of the population that cannot afford at least three of the following nine items:

1.to pay their rent, mortgage or utility bills;

2.to keep their home adequately warm;

3.to face unexpected expenses;

4.to eat meat or proteins regularly;

5.to go on holiday;

6.a television set;

7.a washing machine;

8.a car;

9.a telephone.

Severe material deprivation rate is defined as the enforced inability to pay for at least four of the above-mentioned items. Persistent material deprivation rate is defined as the enforced inability to pay for at least three (material deprivation) or four (severe material deprivation) of the above-mentioned items in the current year and at least two out of the preceding three years. Its calculation requires a longitudinal instrument, through which the individuals are followed over four years.

Material flows present the amounts of materials in physical weight (excluding water and air) that are available to an economy. These material flows comprise the extraction of materials inside the economy and the physical imports and exports (i.e. the mass weight of goods imported or exported). Air and water are generally excluded. Domestic extraction is the amount of raw material (excluding water and air), in physical weight, extracted from the natural environment for use in the economy.

Physical imports are the imports into the economy, in physical weight Direct material input (DMI) is the input of materials for use in an economy, in other words, all materials which are of economic value and which are availlible for use in production and consumption activities. Physical exports are the exports from the economy into other economies, in physical weight Domestic material consumption (DMC), measures the total amount of materials used by an economy and is defined as the quantity of raw materials extracted from the domestic territory, plus all physical imports minus all physical exports. Direct material input = Domestic extraction + Physical imports Domestic material consumption = Domestic extraction + Physical imports - Physical exports = Direct material input - Physical exports . The simple weight of traded goods provides an incomplete picture as it does not take into account the raw materials originally necessary to produce these traded goods.

A more comprehensive picture on the ‘material footprints’ can be obtained by converting the traded goods into their raw material equivalents (RME), i.e. the amounts of raw materials required to provide the respective traded goods. Especially for finished and semi-finished products, imports and exports in RME are much higher than their corresponding physical weight. Imports in RME are the amount of raw material required to produce the goods imported into the economy

Exports in RME are the amount of raw material required to produce the goods exported from the economy Raw material input (RMI) is the amount of raw materials required to produce the goods which are available for use in production and consumption activities of the economy. Raw material consumption (RMC), measures the total amount of raw materials required to produce the goods used by the economy (also called 'material footprint'). Raw material input = Domestic extraction + Imports in RME Raw material consumption = Domestic extraction + Imports in RME - Exports in RME = Raw material input - Exports in RME

Mean age at first marriage is the mean age of women (or men) when they first get married. For a given calendar year, the mean age of women (or men) at first marriage can be calculated using first marriage rates by age.

Enterprises can be classified in different categories according to their size; for this purpose different criteria may be used (e.g. number of persons employed, employees, balance sheet total, investments, ...), but the one most common in a statistical context is number of persons employed :

•small and medium-sized enterprises, abbreviated as SMEs: fewer than 250 persons employed; SMEs are further subdivided into:

•micro enterprises: fewer than 10 persons employed;

•small enterprises: 10 to 49 persons employed;

•medium-sized enterprises: 50 to 249 persons employed;

•large enterprises: 250 or more persons employed. The number of persons employed should not be confused with employees or full-time equivalents; 'persons employed' includes employees but also working proprietors, partners working regularly in the enterprise and unpaid family workers.

This business demography event can be seen as the opposite of a break-up. It involves a consolidation of the production factors of two or more enterprises into one new enterprise , in such a way that the previous enterprises are no longer recognisable. There is no continuity or survival, but the closures of the previous enterprises are not considered to be deaths. Similarly the new enterprise is not considered to be a birth.

Metal ores (also called gross ores) are all the materials which are removed from the mine for the purpose of extracting the desired metal(s). Materials which are removed from the mine for the sole purpose to get access to the reserve, but are then left at the site, are not included.

Migration refers to the number of migrants, people changing their residence to or from a given area (usually a country) during a given time period (usually one year). Immigrants are people arriving or returning from abroad to take up residence in a country for a certain period, having previously been resident elsewhere. According to the 1998 United Nations recommendations on the statistics of international migration (Revision 1), an individual is a long-term immigrant if he/she stays in his/her country of destination for a period of 12 months or more, having previously been resident elsewhere for 12 months or more. Immigration is the number of immigrants for a given area during the year. Emigrants are people leaving the country where they usually reside and effectively taking up residence in another country.

According to the 1998 UN recommendations on the statistics of international migration (Revision 1), an individual is a long-term emigrant if he/she leaves his/her country of previous usual residence for a period of 12 months or more. Emigration is the number of emigrants for a given area during the year. Net migration is the difference between immigration to and emigration from a given area during the year (net migration is positive when there are more immigrants than emigrants and negative when there are more emigrants than immigrants). Since many countries either do not have accurate figures on immigration and emigration, or have no figures at all, net migration has to be estimated. It is usually estimated as the difference between the total population change and the natural increase during the year.

Net migration gives no indication of the relative scale of the separate immigration and emigration flows to and from a country; a country may report low net migration but experience high immigration and emigration flows. Crude rate of net migration is the ratio of net migration during the year to the average population in that year. The value is expressed per 1 000 inhabitants.

Migrant transfer is, in BPM5 (Balance of Payments Manual, 5th edition), capital transfers related to all the financial and non financial assets that migrants bring with them when they move to the host country, or when they finally return to their home country. Under BPM6 these are no longer regarded as balance of payments transactions. Their values have always been insignificant in the EU Member States and are therefore disregarded in this paper.

Migration refers to the number of migrants, people changing their residence to or from a given area (usually a country) during a given time period (usually one year). Immigrants are people arriving or returning from abroad to take up residence in a country for a certain period, having previously been resident elsewhere. According to the 1998 United Nations recommendations on the statistics of international migration (Revision 1), an individual is a long-term immigrant if he/she stays in his/her country of destination for a period of 12 months or more, having previously been resident elsewhere for 12 months or more. Immigration is the number of immigrants for a given area during the year. Emigrants are people leaving the country where they usually reside and effectively taking up residence in another country. According to the 1998 UN recommendations on the statistics of international migration (Revision 1), an individual is a long-term emigrant if he/she leaves his/her country of previous usual residence for a period of 12 months or more. Emigration is the number of emigrants for a given area during the year.

Net migration is the difference between immigration to and emigration from a given area during the year (net migration is positive when there are more immigrants than emigrants and negative when there are more emigrants than immigrants). Since many countries either do not have accurate figures on immigration and emigration, or have no figures at all, net migration has to be estimated. It is usually estimated as the difference between the total population change and the natural increase during the year. Net migration gives no indication of the relative scale of the separate immigration and emigration flows to and from a country; a country may report low net migration but experience high immigration and emigration flows. Crude rate of net migration is the ratio of net migration during the year to the average population in that year. The value is expressed per 1 000 inhabitants.

A mobile post office is a post office set up in a train, a road transport vehicle or a boat, serving regions without permanent post offices. This category also includes rural delivery personnel providing services similar to the counter services of a post office (not just delivery). Users can also deposit parcels, letters or express items with them or make payments to them.

People are considered at risk of monetary poverty when their equivalised disposable income (after social transfers) is below the at-risk-of-poverty threshold. This is set at 60 % of the national median equivalised disposable income after social transfers.

Morbidity is the condition of being diseased. The morbidity rate is the rate or prevalence of a disease.

Morbidity is the condition of being diseased. The morbidity rate is the rate or prevalence of a disease.

A death, according to the United Nations definition, is the permanent disappearance of all vital functions without possibility of resuscitation at any time after a live birth has taken place; this definition therefore excludes foetal deaths (stillbirths). Mortality is the number of deaths for a given area during a given period. Infant mortality is the mortality of live-born children aged less than one year.

The mortality rate or death rate is the mortality expressed as a proportion of the population. The crude mortality rate or crude death rate is defined as the ratio of the number of deaths during the year to the average population in that year; the value is expressed per 1000 inhabitants. The infant mortality rate is defined as the ratio of the number of deaths of children under one year of age to the number of live births in the reference year; the value is expressed per 1000 live births.

National accounts, often called macroeconomic accounts and abbreviated as NA, are statistics focusing on the structure and evolution of economies. They describe and analyse, in an accessible and reliable way, the economic interactions (transactions) within an economy. There are an almost unimaginable large number of these transactions. The national accounts sector refers to the whole economy (a country, the European Union (EU) or the euro area) as a sector. All institutional units operating within an economy can be assigned to a particular institutional sector. Breakdowns by institutional sector are given by the sector accounts.

The institutional sectors group institutional units with broadly similar characteristics and behaviour, the following mutually exclusive ones can be distinguished:

•non-financial corporations;

•financial corporations;

•general government;

•households;

•non-profit institutions serving households.

Transactions with non-residents and the financial claims of residents on nonresidents, or vice versa, are recorded in the "rest of the world" account. Macroeconomic developments, such as economic growth and inflation, are driven by the actions of the individual economic subjects in an economy. Grouping economic subjects with similar behaviour into institutional sectors helps significantly in understanding the functioning of the economy.

Natural population change is the difference between the number of live births and deaths during a given time period (usually one year). It can be either positive or negative. Natural population increase is a positive natural change, when the number of live births is larger than the number of deaths during the time period considered. Natural population decrease is the opposite, a negative natural change, when number of deaths exceeds the number of births.

Natural population change is the difference between the number of live births and deaths during a given time period (usually one year). It can be either positive or negative. Natural population increase is a positive natural change, when the number of live births is larger than the number of deaths during the time period considered. Natural population decrease is the opposite, a negative natural change, when number of deaths exceeds the number of births.

Natural population change is the difference between the number of live births and deaths during a given time period (usually one year). It can be either positive or negative. Natural population increase is a positive natural change, when the number of live births is larger than the number of deaths during the time period considered. Natural population decrease is the opposite, a negative natural change, when number of deaths exceeds the number of births.

The indicator young people neither in employment nor in education and training, abbreviated as NEET, corresponds to the percentage of the population of a given age group and sex who is not employed and not involved in further education or training.

The numerator of the indicator refers to persons meeting these two conditions:

•they are not employed (i.e. unemployed or inactive according to the International Labour Organisation definition);

•they have not received any education or training in the four weeks preceding the survey. The denominator is the total population of the same age group and sex, excluding the respondents who have not answered the question 'participation to regular education and training'.

Net electricity generation or net electricity production is equal to gross electricity generation minus the consumption of power stations' auxiliary services.

Net electricity generation or net electricity production is equal to gross electricity generation minus the consumption of power stations' auxiliary services.

Migration refers to the number of migrants, people changing their residence to or from a given area (usually a country) during a given time period (usually one year). Immigrants are people arriving or returning from abroad to take up residence in a country for a certain period, having previously been resident elsewhere. According to the 1998 United Nations recommendations on the statistics of international migration (Revision 1), an individual is a long-term immigrant if he/she stays in his/her country of destination for a period of 12 months or more, having previously been resident elsewhere for 12 months or more. Immigration is the number of immigrants for a given area during the year. Emigrants are people leaving the country where they usually reside and effectively taking up residence in another country.

According to the 1998 UN recommendations on the statistics of international migration (Revision 1), an individual is a long-term emigrant if he/she leaves his/her country of previous usual residence for a period of 12 months or more. Emigration is the number of emigrants for a given area during the year. Net migration is the difference between immigration to and emigration from a given area during the year (net migration is positive when there are more immigrants than emigrants and negative when there are more emigrants than immigrants).

Since many countries either do not have accurate figures on immigration and emigration, or have no figures at all, net migration has to be estimated. It is usually estimated as the difference between the total population change and the natural increase during the year. Net migration gives no indication of the relative scale of the separate immigration and emigration flows to and from a country; a country may report low net migration but experience high immigration and emigration flows. Crude rate of net migration is the ratio of net migration during the year to the average population in that year. The value is expressed per 1 000 inhabitants.

Gross operating surplus, abbreviated as GOS, can be defined in the context of national accounts as a balancing item in the generation of income account representing the excess amount of money generated by incorporated enterprises' operating activities after paying labour input costs. In other words, it is the capital available to financial and non-financial corporations which allows them to repay their creditors, to pay taxes and eventually to finance all or part of their investment. GOS differs from profits shown in company accounts for several reasons.

Only a subset of total costs are subtracted from gross output to calculate the GOS. Essentially GOS is gross output less the cost of intermediate goods and services to give gross value added, and less compensation of employees. It is gross because it makes no allowance for consumption of fixed capital (CFC). By deducting CFC from GOS one calculates net operating surplus (NOS). A similar concept for unincorporated enterprises (e.g. small family businesses like farms and retail shops or self-employed taxi drivers, lawyers and health professionals) is gross mixed income.

Since in most such cases it is difficult to distinguish between income from labour and income from capital, the balancing item in the generation of income account is "mixed" by including both, the remuneration of the capital and labour (of the family members and self-employed) used in production. By deducting CFC from gross mixed income one obtains net mixed income.

Net national income is the sum of income from all sectors plus net receipts of wages, salaries and property income from abroad, minus the depreciation of fixed capital assets.

The occupancy rate at hotels and similar establishments is calculated as a percentage as follows:

•The occupancy rate of bedrooms in a reference period is obtained by dividing the total number of bedrooms used during the reference period (i.e. the sum of the bedrooms in use per day) by the total number of bedrooms available (i.e. the sum of bedrooms available per day, net of seasonal closures and other temporary closures for decoration, by police order, etc.). The result is multiplied by 100 to express the occupancy rate as a percentage.

•The occupancy rate of bed places in a reference period is obtained by dividing the total number of overnight stays during the reference period by the total number of the bed places on offer (i.e. the sum of bed places available per day, excluding extra beds and net of seasonal closures and other temporary closures for decoration, by police order, etc.). The result is multiplied by 100 to express the occupancy rate as a percentage.

Gross operating surplus, abbreviated as GOS, can be defined in the context of national accounts as a balancing item in the generation of income account representing the excess amount of money generated by incorporated enterprises' operating activities after paying labour input costs. In other words, it is the capital available to financial and non-financial corporations which allows them to repay their creditors, to pay taxes and eventually to finance all or part of their investment.

GOS differs from profits shown in company accounts for several reasons. Only a subset of total costs are subtracted from gross output to calculate the GOS. Essentially GOS is gross output less the cost of intermediate goods and services to give gross value added, and less compensation of employees. It is gross because it makes no allowance for consumption of fixed capital (CFC). By deducting CFC from GOS one calculates net operating surplus (NOS).

A similar concept for unincorporated enterprises (e.g. small family businesses like farms and retail shops or self-employed taxi drivers, lawyers and health professionals) is gross mixed income. Since in most such cases it is difficult to distinguish between income from labour and income from capital, the balancing item in the generation of income account is "mixed" by including both, the remuneration of the capital and labour (of the family members and self-employed) used in production. By deducting CFC from gross mixed income one obtains net mixed income.

A night spent or tourist night (overnight stay) is each night a guest / tourist (resident or non-resident) actually spends (sleeps or stays) in a tourist accommodation establishment or non-rented accommodation.

A person is considered to be of normal weight if he or she has a Body mass index (BMI) greater than or equal to 18.5 but less than 25.

Obesity is the condition of severe overweight where a person has a body mass index (BMI) equal to or greater than 30.

The obesity rate is the proportion of the total population (or of a subgroup based on gender, age, etc.) with a BMI of 30 or above.

Obesity is the condition of severe overweight where a person has a body mass index (BMI) equal to or greater than 30. The obesity rate is the proportion of the total population (or of a subgroup based on gender, age, etc.) with a BMI of 30 or above.

Obesity is the condition of severe overweight where a person has a body mass index (BMI) equal to or greater than 30.

The obesity rate is the proportion of the total population (or of a subgroup based on gender, age, etc.) with a BMI of 30 or above.

A job vacancy is a post, either newly created, unoccupied or about to become vacant, which the employer:

•actively seeks to fill with a suitable candidate from outside the enterprise (including any further necessary steps);

•immediately or in the near future. Although the definition states that a job vacancy should be open to candidates from outside the enterprise, this does not exclude the possibility of appointing an internal candidate to the post. A post that is open to internal candidates only, however, is not considered a job vacancy.

The job vacancy rate, abbreviated as JVR, measures the percentage of vacant posts, as defined above, compared with the total number of occupied and unoccupied posts; it is calculated as follows: JVR = number of job vacancies / (number of occupied posts + number of job vacancies) * 100

An occupied post is a post within an organization to which an employee has been assigned. Data on job vacancies and occupied posts are broken down by economic activity, occupation, size of enterprise and region.

On-time delivery of priority letters according to national performance standards is a quality indicator of postal service showing the share of letters delivered within the time limits defined by the national performance indicators in the total of all letters sent. Due to variations in national performance standards, size of the country, population density, etc., the quality of service data is not directly comparable across countries. Quality standards for national mail have been established in each European Union Member State based on the time limit for routing measured from end to end for postal items of the fastest standard category according to the formula D+n, where D represents the date of deposit and n the number of working days which elapse between the date of deposit and the date of delivery to the addressee.

The traditional indicator of the quality of postal service is the percentage of letters delivered on time according to the national performance standards, stipulated by the National Regulatory Authorities. The basic quality indicator adopted here it D+1 (delivery of letter 1 working day after posting it).

The category ordinary letters in postal statistics includes:

•personalised letters;

•postcards;

•transaction mail (such as bank statements).

An Other post office (or Other post agency or Other post outlet) can be defined as a post office generally offering reduced services and/or limited opening times for the public. This category may include sections of exchange offices or sorting offices offering similar postal services.

The output approach to calculate GDP sums the gross value added of various sectors, plus taxes and less subsidies on products. The output of the economy is measured using gross value added. Gross value added is defined as the value of all newly generated goods and services less the value of all goods and services consumed in their creation; the depreciation of fixed assets is not included. When calculating value added, output is valued at basic prices and intermediate consumption at purchasers' prices. Taxes less subsidies on products have to be added to value added to obtain GDP at market prices.

The (industrial) producer price index, abbreviated as PPI and also called output price index, is a business-cycle indicator showing the development of transaction prices for the monthly industrial output of economic activities. The PPI does not only serve as an early indicator of inflationary pressures in the economy before it reaches the consumer, but it can also record the evolution of prices over longer time periods. The PPI for a specific economic activity measures the monthly change in the trading price of products and related services. The PPI is an output index – it measures price changes from the seller's perspective. The prices collected in period t should refer to orders booked during period t (at the moment of the order) and not the moment when the commodities leave the factory gates.

Price indices are calculated as a weighted average of the relevant products. PPIs are calculated for the total, the domestic and the non-domestic markets, with the latter further split between euro area and non-euro area markets. The indicators of domestic and non-domestic prices require separate producer price indices to be compiled according to the destination of the product. The residency of the third party which has ordered or bought the product defines the destination. The domestic market is defined as all third parties ordering or buying which are residents in the same national territory as the observation unit from which sales or orders are collected. When combined, the sub-indices for the domestic and the non-domestic markets give the total change in the PPI for a given product. The appropriate price for calculating the PPI is the basic price that excludes VAT and similar deductible taxes which are directly linked to turnover, as well as all duties and taxes on the goods and services invoiced.

However, subsidies on products received by the producer, if there are any, should be added to the basic price.

All price-determining characteristics should be taken into account, including the:

•quantity of units sold;

•transport provided;

•rebates;

•service conditions;

•guarantee conditions;

•destination.

Foreign affiliates statistics, abbreviated as FATS, describe the activities of foreign affiliates: enterprises resident in a country or area, such as the European Union (EU), controlled or owned by (multinational) enterprises which are resident outside that country or area. Ultimate controlling institutional unit (UCI) of a foreign affiliate shall mean the institutional unit, moving up a foreign affiliate's chain of control, which is not controlled by another institutional unit. The UCI has a key role in the statistics on globalisation. It determines how a unit should be treated in inward or outward FATS or FDI statistics. A distinction can be made between outward FATS, on the activities of own affiliates abroad and inward FATS, on the activities of foreign enterprises within the own country or area. Inward FATS describe the overall activity of foreign affiliates resident in the compiling economy. A foreign affiliate within the terms of inward FATS is an enterprise resident in the compiling country over which an institutional unit not resident in the compiling country has control. In simpler terms, inward FATS describe how many jobs, how much turnover, etc. are generated by foreign investors in a given EU host economy. While FDI statistics give an idea of the total amount of capital invested by foreigners in the EU economy, FATS add to that information by providing insight into the economic impact those investments have in the EU in terms of job creation, etc. Control – in this context – is the ability to determine the general policy of an enterprise by choosing appropriate directors, if necessary.

However, control is often difficult to determine and, in practice, the share of ownership is often used as a proxy for control. FATS thus focus on the affiliates that are majority-owned by a single investor or by a group of associated investors acting in concert and owning more than 50% of ordinary shares or voting power. However, other criteria may also be relevant for defining foreign control, and thus other cases (multiple minority ownership, joint ventures, and qualitative assessment determining control) should be covered as regards assessment of control. Outward FATS describe the activity of foreign affiliates abroad controlled by the compiling country. Foreign affiliate within the terms of outward FATS is an enterprise not resident in the compiling country over which an institutional unit resident in the compiling country has control. In simpler terms, outward FATS data describe, for example, how many employees work for affiliates of EU enterprises based abroad? In this case outward FATS give an idea of the economic impact of EU investments abroad (e.g. how many employees work for affiliates of German enterprises in China, what the exports of affiliates of British firms based in India are, etc.).

The overcrowding rate is defined as the percentage of the population living in an overcrowded household. A person is considered as living in an overcrowded household if the household does not have at its disposal a minimum number of rooms equal to:

•one room for the household;

•one room per couple in the household;

•one room for each single person aged 18 or more;

•one room per pair of single people of the same gender between 12 and 17 years of age;

•one room for each single person between 12 and 17 years of age and not included in the previous category;

•one room per pair of children under 12 years of age.

A person is considered overweight if he or she has a Body mass index greater than or equal to 25 but less than 30.

Parity is the number of live births a woman has had in the past.

A passenger-kilometre, abbreviated as pkm, is the unit of measurement representing the transport of one passenger by a defined mode of transport (road, rail, air, sea, inland waterways etc.) over one kilometre.

The number of people killed in road accidents is defined as the number of deaths caused by road accidents and which occur within 30 days from the date of the accident. The number includes drivers and passengers, in motorised vehicles and on bicycles, as well as pedestrians involved in road accidents

The at-risk-of-poverty rate is the share of people with an equivalised disposable income (after social transfer) below the at-risk-of-poverty threshold, which is set at 60 % of the national median equivalised disposable income after social transfers. This indicator does not measure wealth or poverty, but low income in comparison to other residents in that country, which does not necessarily imply a low standard of living. The at-risk-of-poverty rate before social transfers is calculated as the share of people having an equivalised disposable income before social transfers that is below the at-risk-of-poverty threshold calculated after social transfers.

Pensions, such as old-age and survivors’ (widows' and widowers') benefits, are counted as income (before social transfers) and not as social transfers. This indicator examines the hypothetical non-existence of social transfers. The persistent at-risk-of-poverty rate shows the percentage of the population living in households where the equivalised disposable income was below the at-risk-of-poverty threshold for the current year and at least two out of the preceding three years.

Its calculation requires a longitudinal instrument, through which the individuals are followed over four years.

Persons available to work but not seeking are persons aged 15-74 neither employed nor unemployed who want to work, are available for work in the next 2 weeks but do not seek work. This indicator covers jobless people who do not qualify for recording as unemployed because they are not actively looking for a job. It includes, among others, discouraged jobseekers and persons prevented from jobseeking due to personal or family circumstances.

The sum of the two groups persons seeking work but not immediately available and persons available to work but not seeking is called the potential additional labour force (PAF). Persons in the PAF are not part of the standard labour force, which is the sum of employed and unemployment persons. However persons in the PAF have a stronger attachment to the labour market than other economically inactive persons.

Persons seeking work but not immediately available are the sum of persons aged 15-74 neither employed nor unemployed who:

•are actively seeking work during the last 4 weeks but not available for work in the next 2 weeks;

•found a job to start in less than three months and are not available for work in the next 2 weeks;

•found a job to start in three months or more;

•are passively seeking work during the last 4 weeks and are available for work in the next 2 weeks. Passive job search is e.g. waiting the results of a job interview.

The first of those 4 groups is the biggest by far. The three latter groups are included in this indicator for completeness as they are not ILO unemployed but have many common characteristics with people in the first group. This indicator describes jobless people who do not qualify for recording as unemployed because of their limited availability to start a new job.

Within the context of structural business statistics (SBS), personnel costs are defined as the total remuneration, in cash or in kind, payable by an employer to an employee (regular and temporary employees, as well as home-workers) in return for work done by the latter during the reference period. Personnel costs are made up of wages, salaries and employers' social security costs. They include taxes and employees' social security contributions retained by the employer, as well as the employer's compulsory and voluntary social contributions. Average personnel costs (or unit labour costs) equal personnel costs divided by the number of employees (persons who are paid and have an employment contract).

The number of persons employed is defined, within the context of structural business statistics, as the total number of persons who work in the observation unit (inclusive of working proprietors, partners working regularly in the unit and unpaid family workers), as well as persons who work outside the unit who belong to it and are paid by it (e.g. sales representatives, delivery personnel, repair and maintenance teams). It excludes manpower supplied to the unit by other enterprises, persons carrying out repair and maintenance work in the enquiry unit on behalf of other enterprises, as well as those on compulsory military service.

The indicator persons living in households with low work intensity is defined as the number of persons living in a household having a work intensity between 0.20 and 0.45. The work intensity of a household is the ratio of the total number of months that all working-age household members have worked during the income reference year and the total number of months the same household members theoretically could have worked in the same period.

A working-age person is a person aged 18-59 years, with the exclusion of students in the age group between 18 and 24 years. Households composed only of children, of students aged less then 25 and/or people aged 60 or more are completely excluded from the indicator calculation.

Physical trade balance,abbreviated as PTB is calculated by taking the amount of imports in physical units minus exports in physical units.

A passenger-kilometre, abbreviated as pkm, is the unit of measurement representing the transport of one passenger by a defined mode of transport (road, rail, air, sea, inland waterways etc.) over one kilometre.

Police officers generally include all ranks of police officers including criminal police, traffic police, border police, gendarmerie, uniformed police, city guard, municipal police. They exclude civilian staff, customs officers, tax police, military police, secret service police, part-time officers, special duty police reserves, cadets, and court police.

The population figure, or total population or simply population, of a given area is the total number of people in that area at a given time. For the population figures compiled by Eurostat from the data provided by European Union (EU) Member States, that time is 1st January and the resulting figure is called population on 1 January. The recommended definition is the usual resident population, representing the number of inhabitants of a given area on 1st January of the year in question (or, in some cases, on 31st December of the previous year).

The population can be based on data from the most recent census adjusted by the components of population change produced since the last census, or based on population registers. The average population during a calendar year is calculated as the arithmetic mean of the population on 1st January of two consecutive years. The average population is further used in the calculation of demographic indicators, like the crude rates per 1 000 inhabitants, and for some 'per capita' indicators.

Population change, defined generally, is the difference in the size of a population between the end and the beginning of a given time period (usually one year). Specifically, it is the difference in population size on 1 January of two consecutive years.

Population change has two components:

•natural population change (the number of live births minus the number of deaths);

•net migration (the number of immigrants minus the number of emigrants, plus statistical adjustment – it should be noted that net migration as referred to in the context of population change statistics includes the statistical adjustments occurring in the annual balance of the population and that it serves the purpose of closing this balance).

A positive population change, when the result of net migration plus live births minus deaths is positive, is referred to as population growth, a negative one is called a population decrease. The crude rate of population growth is the ratio of total population growth during the year to the average population of the area in question that year. The value is expressed per 1 000 inhabitants.

Population change, defined generally, is the difference in the size of a population between the end and the beginning of a given time period (usually one year). Specifically, it is the difference in population size on 1 January of two consecutive years. Population change has two components:

•natural population change (the number of live births minus the number of deaths);

•net migration (the number of immigrants minus the number of emigrants, plus statistical adjustment – it should be noted that net migration as referred to in the context of population change statistics includes the statistical adjustments occurring in the annual balance of the population and that it serves the purpose of closing this balance).

A positive population change, when the result of net migration plus live births minus deaths is positive, is referred to as population growth, a negative one is called a population decrease. The crude rate of population growth is the ratio of total population growth during the year to the average population of the area in question that year. The value is expressed per 1 000 inhabitants.

Population density is the number of inhabitants per square kilometre. For the calculation of population density, the land-area concept (which excludes inland water bodies like lakes or rivers) should be used wherever available.

However, in several countries in the European Union (EU), the total area, which includes the area of lakes and rivers, is used because it is the only concept for which data are available.

The population figure, or total population or simply population, of a given area is the total number of people in that area at a given time. For the population figures compiled by Eurostat from the data provided by European Union (EU) Member States, that time is 1st January and the resulting figure is called population on 1 January. The recommended definition is the usual resident population, representing the number of inhabitants of a given area on 1st January of the year in question (or, in some cases, on 31st December of the previous year).

The population can be based on data from the most recent census adjusted by the components of population change produced since the last census, or based on population registers. The average population during a calendar year is calculated as the arithmetic mean of the population on 1st January of two consecutive years. The average population is further used in the calculation of demographic indicators, like the crude rates per 1 000 inhabitants, and for some 'per capita' indicators.

Population change, defined generally, is the difference in the size of a population between the end and the beginning of a given time period (usually one year). Specifically, it is the difference in population size on 1 January of two consecutive years.

Population change has two components:

•natural population change (the number of live births minus the number of deaths);

•net migration (the number of immigrants minus the number of emigrants, plus statistical adjustment – it should be noted that net migration as referred to in the context of population change statistics includes the statistical adjustments occurring in the annual balance of the population and that it serves the purpose of closing this balance).

A positive population change, when the result of net migration plus live births minus deaths is positive, is referred to as population growth, a negative one is called a population decrease. The crude rate of population growth is the ratio of total population growth during the year to the average population of the area in question that year. The value is expressed per 1 000 inhabitants.

The population figure, or total population or simply population, of a given area is the total number of people in that area at a given time. For the population figures compiled by Eurostat from the data provided by European Union (EU) Member States, that time is 1st January and the resulting figure is called population on 1 January. The recommended definition is the usual resident population, representing the number of inhabitants of a given area on 1st January of the year in question (or, in some cases, on 31st December of the previous year).

The population can be based on data from the most recent census adjusted by the components of population change produced since the last census, or based on population registers. The average population during a calendar year is calculated as the arithmetic mean of the population on 1st January of two consecutive years. The average population is further used in the calculation of demographic indicators, like the crude rates per 1 000 inhabitants, and for some 'per capita' indicators.

Population surveyed covers persons aged 15 and over, living in private households (persons living in collective households, such as residential homes, boarding houses, hospitals, religious institutions and workers’ hostels, are therefore not included). This category comprises all persons living in the households surveyed during the reference week.

The definition also includes persons who are absent from the households for short periods due to studies, holidays, illness, business trips, etc. (but who have maintained a link with the private household). Persons on compulsory military service are not included.

Population surveyed covers persons aged 15 and over, living in private households (persons living in collective households, such as residential homes, boarding houses, hospitals, religious institutions and workers’ hostels, are therefore not included).

This category comprises all persons living in the households surveyed during the reference week. The definition also includes persons who are absent from the households for short periods due to studies, holidays, illness, business trips, etc. (but who have maintained a link with the private household). Persons on compulsory military service are not included.

A Post office, Post agency or Post outlet refers to an office where customers may apply for all postal services.

They include:

•full-service post offices/agencies/outlets;

•mobile post offices;

•other post offices/agencies/outlets.

Potentiallly active refers to the grouping of two categories within the inactive population:

•persons available for the labour market but not seeking work;

•persons seeking work but not immediately available

The purchasing power consumption standard, abbreviated as PPCS, is analogous to the purchasing power standard used for making meaningful volume comparisons of gross domestic product (GDP) between regions, an artificial currency unit obtained by the conversion of the income parameters of private households with specific purchasing power standards (PPS) for final consumption expenditure, resulting in purchasing power consumption standards which are comparable.

The (industrial) producer price index, abbreviated as PPI and also called output price index, is a business-cycle indicator showing the development of transaction prices for the monthly industrial output of economic activities. The PPI does not only serve as an early indicator of inflationary pressures in the economy before it reaches the consumer, but it can also record the evolution of prices over longer time periods. The PPI for a specific economic activity measures the monthly change in the trading price of products and related services. The PPI is an output index – it measures price changes from the seller's perspective. The prices collected in period t should refer to orders booked during period t (at the moment of the order) and not the moment when the commodities leave the factory gates. Price indices are calculated as a weighted average of the relevant products.

PPIs are calculated for the total, the domestic and the non-domestic markets, with the latter further split between euro area and non-euro area markets. The indicators of domestic and non-domestic prices require separate producer price indices to be compiled according to the destination of the product. The residency of the third party which has ordered or bought the product defines the destination. The domestic market is defined as all third parties ordering or buying which are residents in the same national territory as the observation unit from which sales or orders are collected. When combined, the sub-indices for the domestic and the non-domestic markets give the total change in the PPI for a given product.

The appropriate price for calculating the PPI is the basic price that excludes VAT and similar deductible taxes which are directly linked to turnover, as well as all duties and taxes on the goods and services invoiced. However, subsidies on products received by the producer, if there are any, should be added to the basic price.

All price-determining characteristics should be taken into account, including the:

•quantity of units sold;

•transport provided;

•rebates;

•service conditions;

•guarantee conditions;

•destination.

Purchasing power parities, abbreviated as PPPs, are indicators of price level differences across countries. PPPs tell us how many currency units a given quantity of goods and services costs in different countries. Using PPPs to convert expenditure expressed in national currencies into an artificial common currency, the purchasing power standard (PPS), eliminates the effect of price level differences across countries created by fluctuations in currency exchange rates.

Purchasing power parities are obtained by comparing price levels for a basket of comparable goods and services that are selected to be representative of consumption patterns in the various countries. PPPs make it possible to produce meaningful indicators (based on either price or volume) required for cross-country comparisons, truly reflecting the differences in the purchasing power of, for example, households. Monetary exchange rates cannot be used to compare the volumes of income or expenditure because they usually reflect more elements than just price differences, for example, volumes of financial transactions between currencies and expectations in the foreign exchange markets.

The purchasing power standard, abbreviated as PPS, is an artificial currency unit. Theoretically, one PPS can buy the same amount of goods and services in each country. However, price differences across borders mean that different amounts of national currency units are needed for the same goods and services depending on the country. PPS are derived by dividing any economic aggregate of a country in national currency by its respective purchasing power parities.

PPS is the technical term used by Eurostat for the common currency in which national accounts aggregates are expressed when adjusted for price level differences using PPPs. Thus, PPPs can be interpreted as the exchange rate of the PPS against the euro.

Present smokers refers to people stating to smoke tobacco daily or occasionally.

Price is the monetary value of goods, services and assets, expressed as an absolute figure or as an index. Price statistics are collected and calculated in many different areas: Agriculture

•producer price index - agricultural production

•purchase price index Consumer prices

•consumer price index (CPI)

•harmonised index of consumer prices (HICP) Energy

•energy prices Housing

•house price index (HPI) Industry and construction

•producer price index (PPI), also called output price index

Price convergence shows the degree to which prices for goods and services in European Union Member States have moved together, or converged, and is an important indicator of the success of the internal market. In contrast, price divergence shows the degree to which prices have moved apart. It is calculated by examining the coefficient of variation of the comparative price levels.

Price convergence shows the degree to which prices for goods and services in European Union Member States have moved together, or converged, and is an important indicator of the success of the internal market. In contrast, price divergence shows the degree to which prices have moved apart. It is calculated by examining the coefficient of variation of the comparative price levels.

The term price index may refer to indices in different statistical areas and/or using different calculation methods.

The price level index, abbreviated as PLI, expresses the price level of a given country relative to another (or relative to a group of countries like the European Union), by dividing the Purchasing power parities (PPPs) by the current nominal exchange rate. If the price level index of a country is higher than 100, the country concerned is relatively expensive compared to the one to which it is compared (for example EU), while if the price level index is lower than 100, then the country is relatively cheap compared to the other country.

Price level indices are not intended to rank countries strictly. In fact, they only provide an indication of the order of magnitude of the price level in one country in relation to others, particularly when countries are clustered around a very narrow range of outcomes.

For statistical purposes, prison population is defined as the total number of adult and juvenile prisoners (including pre-trial detainees) at 1 September of a given year. The definition includes offenders held in prison administration facilities, other facilities, juvenile offenders' institutions, drug addicts' institutions and psychiatric or other hospitals. It excludes, however, noncriminal prisoners held for administrative purposes (for example, people held pending investigation into their immigration status).

A household, in the context of surveys on social conditions or income such as EU-SILC or the Household budget survey (HBS), is defined as a housekeeping unit or, operationally, as a social unit:

•having common arrangements;

•sharing household expenses or daily needs;

•in a shared common residence.

A household includes either one person living alone or a group of people, not necessarily related, living at the same address with common housekeeping, i.e. sharing at least one meal per day or sharing a living or sitting room. Collective households or institutional households (as opposed to private households) are, for instance: hospitals, old people’s homes, residential homes, prisons, military barracks, religious institutions, boarding houses and workers’ hostels, etc.

The production in construction index is a business-cycle indicator which measures the monthly changes in production of buildings (residential and nonresidential) and of civil engineering (roads, railways, bridges, tunnels, utility projects). Conceptually the index shows changes in the volume of construction, i.e. the price adjusted change in the value added to the economy by this sector. As this statistical concept is not directly measurable, the indicator is approximated by several other measures.

Mathematically the index is calculated as a Laspeyres volume index. Net construction output can be calculated using different data sources:

•gross production data from which input received from other sectors is substracted;

•turnover;

•input of labour and material.

The production index is a business cycle indicator which aims to measure changes in value added at factor cost of industry and construction over a given reference period. It does this by measuring changes in the volume of output and activity at close and regular intervals, usually monthly. However, the monthly data necessary for the collection of this index are often unavailable. In practice, suitable proxy values for the calculation of the production index are needed.

The production index should also take into account:

•changes in type and quality of the commodities and of the input materials;

•changes in stocks of finished goods and services, and work in progress;

•changes in technical input-output relations (processing techniques);

•services, such as assembly of production units, repairs or planning.

Within industry, these may include:

•gross production values (deflated);

•production volumes (physical quantities data);

•turnover (deflated);

•work input;

•raw material input;

•energy input.

Within construction they may consist of:

•input data (consumption of typical raw materials, energy or labour);

•output data (production quantities, deflated production values, or deflated sales values).

In construction, separate production indices for building construction and civil engineering are calculated, according to the Classification of types of construction (CC).

Productivity is the output produced from each unit of input, for example, the number of cars assembled by one worker in a year. In statistical analysis, productivity may refer to capital productivity, labour productivity, resource productivity (of which energy productivity is a specific case), depending on the input considered.

Public balance is a measure of the difference between government spending and income. In the context of government finance statistics it can be defined as the difference between the revenue and the expenditure of the general government sector.

This difference is usually expressed relative to gross domestic product (GDP).

Public balance is a measure of the difference between government spending and income. In the context of government finance statistics it can be defined as the difference between the revenue and the expenditure of the general government sector. This difference is usually expressed relative to gross domestic product (GDP).

The purchase price index of the means of agricultural production provides information on the trends in purchase prices of the means of agricultural production as a whole. Sub-indices are weighted by values of purchases. Nominal indices are deflated by means of harmonised indices of consumer prices (HICP).

The purchasing power consumption standard, abbreviated as PPCS, is analogous to the purchasing power standard used for making meaningful volume comparisons of gross domestic product (GDP) between regions, an artificial currency unit obtained by the conversion of the income parameters of private households with specific purchasing power standards (PPS) for final consumption expenditure, resulting in purchasing power consumption standards which are comparable

Purchasing power parities, abbreviated as PPPs, are indicators of price level differences across countries. PPPs tell us how many currency units a given quantity of goods and services costs in different countries. Using PPPs to convert expenditure expressed in national currencies into an artificial common currency, the purchasing power standard (PPS), eliminates the effect of price level differences across countries created by fluctuations in currency exchange rates. Purchasing power parities are obtained by comparing price levels for a basket of comparable goods and services that are selected to be representative of consumption patterns in the various countries.

PPPs make it possible to produce meaningful indicators (based on either price or volume) required for cross-country comparisons, truly reflecting the differences in the purchasing power of, for example, households. Monetary exchange rates cannot be used to compare the volumes of income or expenditure because they usually reflect more elements than just price differences, for example, volumes of financial transactions between currencies and expectations in the foreign exchange markets.

The purchasing power standard, abbreviated as PPS, is an artificial currency unit. Theoretically, one PPS can buy the same amount of goods and services in each country. However, price differences across borders mean that different amounts of national currency units are needed for the same goods and services depending on the country. PPS are derived by dividing any economic aggregate of a country in national currency by its respective purchasing power parities.

PPS is the technical term used by Eurostat for the common currency in which national accounts aggregates are expressed when adjusted for price level differences using PPPs. Thus, PPPs can be interpreted as the exchange rate of the PPS against the euro.

The definitions of various kinds of rail transport are: Total rail transport Total rail transport (in tonne-kilometres) was calculated as a sum of national, international and transit transport, where international transport is the sum of international loaded and unloaded in the reporting country. National rail transport Rail transport where the goods are both loaded and unloaded within the same reporting Member State, irrespective of the route followed by the railway vehicle.

International rail transport Rail transport where the goods are either loaded or unloaded, but not both, in the reporting Member State, with a distinction between goods loaded and goods unloaded. Rail transit Rail transport where the goods pass through the reporting Member State without being loaded, unloaded or transshipped.

A railway line is a line of communication made up by rail exclusively for the use of railway vehicles. Lines are one or more adjacent running tracks forming a route between two points. Where a section of network comprises two or more lines running alongside one another, there are as many lines as routes to which tracks are allotted exclusively.

A running track is a track providing end-to-end line continuity designed for trains between stations or places indicated in tariffs as independent points of departure or arrival for the conveyance of passengers or goods. A track is a pair of rails over which rail borne vehicles can run.

A recognised non-citizen is a person who is not a citizen of the reporting country nor of any other country, but who has established links to that country which include some but not all rights and obligations of full citizenship. Recognised non-citizens are not included in the number of European Union (EU) citizens.

Recovered products are by-products of other processes and may be re-used for other purposes. They include slurries, combustible waste-heap shale, recycled lubricants, and certain products recovered from industrial processes.

The relative median at-risk-of-poverty gap is calculated as the difference between the median equivalised disposable income of people below the at-riskof-poverty threshold and the at-risk-of-poverty threshold, expressed as a percentage of the at-risk-of-poverty threshold (cut-off point: 60 % of national median equivalised disposable income).

The relative median income ratio is defined as the ratio of the median equivalised disposable income of people aged above 65 to the median equivalised disposable income of those aged below 65.

A marriage is the act, ceremony or process by which the legal relationship between two persons is formed. The legality of the union may be established by civil, religious or other means as recognised by the laws of each country. In all European Union (EU) and other European countries, contracting a civil marriage (before official authorities and on a legal basis) is possible. However, the relation between a civil marriage and a religious marriage (before religious representative only) is not the same in all countries.

In 15 countries (Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom) a religious marriage has consequences for the civil marriage in the sense that a religious marriage is recognised by the state as being equivalent to a civil marriage. France states that a religious marriage has no consequences for marital status, unless it has been contracted abroad. The crude marriage rate is the ratio of the number of marriages during the year to the average population in that year. The value is expressed per 1 000 inhabitants.

Remittances is household income being generated by economic activity in another than the home economy, which subsequently is transferred to or earned on the account of the household in the home economy. As a consequence remittances can be either based upon long-term residence in another country (usually combined with economic activity as migrant worker), or upon shortterm work engagements as seasonal worker or upon permanent work as border worker without being resident of the host economy.

In the Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual (BPM6) remittances are perceived as a cumulative measure building upon three aggregation levels: •Personal remittances cover the transfer of household funds in cash or kind and household assets to a non-resident household, usually situated in the migrant’s home economy (including donations to family, etc.), but also the net income being generated through employment in other economies, either as seasonal or border worker, or as resident with non-resident entities (e.g. international institutions domiciled in the resident’s home economy).

•Total remittances additionally include social benefits, which were acquired by the above mentioned economic activities of households in other economies, e.g. pension rights. •Total remittances and transfers to non-profit institutions serving households (NPISH) additionally include current and capital transfers of NPISH, such as donations in cash and kind, cross-border sponsorships, development aid programmes launched by public or private non-profit organisations (NGOs) in other countries.

Roundwood production (the term is also used as a synonym for removals in the context of forestry) comprises all quantities of wood removed from the forest and other wooded land, or other tree felling site during a defined period of time.

Residence in the context of balance of payments is determined by an entity’s centre of predominant economic interest. As a general guideline it is sufficient to qualify as resident when being present in a territory for one year or more. Migrants going abroad with the intention to stay and work for one year or longer will accordingly become residents of the host economy. On the contrary, short trips below one year for recreation or work do not lead to a change in residence.

Workers employed under contracts below one year (seasonal workers) or non-residents who commute to work into another economy (border workers) are not considered residents of the host economy, where they are employed. The criterion of residence is used in balance of payments statistics to determine whether a transaction is relevant for being registered or not. In this context it has to be highlighted that only transactions between residents and non-residents are relevant in the balance of payments, thus excluding all economic activities which are conducted only between residents of an economy (or between non-residents for that sake).

National road freight transport is defined as road transport between two places (a place of loading and a place of unloading) located in the same country by a vehicle registered in that country. International road freight transport is defined as the transport by road between two places (a place of loading and a place of unloading) in two different countries irrespective of the country in which the vehicle is registered.

It is composed of 4 categories:

•International loaded: Place of loading of goods in reporting country (i.e. country in which the vehicle performing the transport is registered) and place of unloading in a different country.

•International unloaded: Place of unloading of goods in reporting country (i.e. country in which the vehicle performing the transport is registered) and place of loading in a different country.

•Cross-trade

•Cabotage Total international transport – loaded, unloaded, cross-trade and cabotage - includes transport reported by hauliers registered in reporting countries performed, completely or partially, outside these countries. Transport undertaken by hauliers registered in other countries is not included.

Robbery is a sub-set of violent crime. It is defined as stealing from a person with force or threat of force, including muggings (bag-snatching) and theft with violence. Pick-pocketing, extortion and blackmailing are generally not included.

A room is defined as a space in a housing unit, or in living quarters other than housing units, enclosed by walls reaching from the floor to the ceiling or roof covering, or at least to a height of 2 metres above the ground, of a size large enough to hold a bed for an adult (4 square metres at least) and at least 2 metres high over the major area of the ceiling.

Thus, normal bedrooms, dining rooms, living rooms, habitable cellars and attics, servants' rooms, kitchens and other separate spaces used or intended for habitation all count as rooms. Passageways, verandas, lobbies, bathrooms, and toilet rooms should not be counted as rooms, even if they meet the criteria (United Nations, 2008).

Roundwood production (the term is also used as a synonym for removals in the context of forestry) comprises all quantities of wood removed from the forest and other wooded land, or other tree felling site during a defined period of time.

The income quintile share ratio or the S80/S20 ratio is a measure of the inequality of income distribution. It is calculated as the ratio of total income received by the 20 % of the population with the highest income (the top quintile) to that received by the 20 % of the population with the lowest income (the bottom quintile).All incomes are compiled as equivalised disposable incomes.

Sawnwood is wood that has been produced either by sawing lengthways or by a profile-chipping process and, with a few exceptions, is greater than 6 millimetres (mm) in thickness.

Sustainable development indicators, abbreviated as SDI, aim to measure sustainable development over longer periods of time.

The sustainable development indicators are grouped into 10 subject categories:

•socioeconomic development;

•sustainable consumption and production;

•social inclusion;

•demographic changes;

•public health;

•climate change and energy;

•sustainable transport;

•natural resources;

•global partnership;

•good governance.

The standardised death rate, abbreviated as SDR, is the death rate of a population adjusted to a standard age distribution. It is calculated as a weighted average of the age-specific death rates of a given population; the weights are the age distribution of that population.

As most causes of death vary significantly with people’s age and sex, the use of standardised death rates improves comparability over time and between countries. The reason is that death rates can be measured independently of the age structure of populations in different times and countries (sex ratios usually are more stable).

Standardised death rates are calculated on the basis of the 'European Standard Population' revised by Eurostat in 2012 (and published in 2013). As method for standardisation, the direct method is applied. Standardised death rates are calculated for the age group 0-64 ('premature death'), 65 years and more, and for the total of all ages.

A non-fatal (serious) accident at work is an accident at work resulting in more than three days' of absence from work. Only full calendar days of absence from work have to be considered, excluding the day of the accident.

Consequently, ‘more than three calendar days’ means ‘at least four calendar days’, which implies that only if the victim resumes work on the fifth (or subsequent) working day after the date on which the accident occurred should the incident be included.

The services producer price index, abbreviated as SPPI, is a business-cycle indicator which measures the gross change in the trading price of a number of services including freight transport, air transport, postal services, telecommunication, computer programming, consultancy services, architecture and engineering, advertising, security services etc (see box). Public services are excluded, as for those services (for example health and education) the notion of price is not obvious and the ways they are provided are very different from country to country. Similar to the industrial producer price index, the SPPI is an output index – it measures price changes from the perspective of the seller. The SPPIs are used as an aspect of output for the seller and as a cost factor for the buyer.

The SPPI covers services provided for all uses, i.e. for intermediate as well as for final consumption. However, the economic service activities for which the SPPI is calculated (see above) are mainly consumed by other businesses for the production of their own goods and services. Inflation experienced by consumers is measured by the harmonised index of consumer prices. The SPPI is an important measure of inflation as services account for over half of modern economies. It is also employed to analyze the origins of inflation since it shows which services consumed by other businesses might be the sources of price increases. The SPPI is used as well as a deflator for services turnover (measured in current prices) and thus allows calculating a volume indicator for services similar to the volume index of industrial production. The SPPI is calculated on a quarterly basis, EU data are available from 2006 on.

Severe housing deprivation rate is defined as the percentage of population living in the dwelling which is considered as overcrowded, while also exhibiting at least one of the housing deprivation measures. Housing deprivation is a measure of poor amenities and is calculated by referring to those households with a leaking roof, no bath/shower and no indoor toilet, or a dwelling considered too dark.

Material deprivation refers to a state of economic strain and durables, defined as the enforced inability (rather than the choice not to do so) to pay unexpected expenses, afford a one-week annual holiday away from home, a meal involving meat, chicken or fish every second day, the adequate heating of a dwelling, durable goods like a washing machine, colour television, telephone or car, being confronted with payment arrears (mortgage or rent, utility bills, hire purchase instalments or other loan payments). The material deprivation rate is an indicator in EU-SILC that expresses the inability to afford some items considered by most people to be desirable or even necessary to lead an adequate life. The indicator distinguishes between individuals who cannot afford a certain good or service, and those who do not have this good or service for another reason, e.g. because they do not want or do not need it.

The indicator adopted by the Social protection committee measures the percentage of the population that cannot afford at least three of the following nine items:

1.to pay their rent, mortgage or utility bills;

2.to keep their home adequately warm;

3.to face unexpected expenses;

4.to eat meat or proteins regularly;

5.to go on holiday; 6.a television set;

7.a washing machine;

8.a car;

9.a telephone.

Severe material deprivation rate is defined as the enforced inability to pay for at least four of the above-mentioned items.Persistent material deprivation rate is defined as the enforced inability to pay for at least three (material deprivation) or four (severe material deprivation) of the above-mentioned items in the current year and at least two out of the preceding three years. Its calculation requires a longitudinal instrument, through which the individuals are followed over four years.

The standard gross margin , abbreviated as SGM, is a measure of the production or the business size of an agricultural holding. It is based on the separate activities or 'enterprises' of a farm and their relative contribution to overall revenue. For each separate activity (for instance wheat, dairy cows or a vineyard), a SGM is estimated, based on the area (for crop output) or the number of heads (for animal output) and a standardised SGM coefficient for each type of crop and livestock, calculated separately for different geographical areas to allow for differences in profit.

The sum of all these margins per hectare of crop and per head of livestock in a farm is a measure of its overall economic size, expressed in European size units or ESU - 1 ESU is a 1200-euro SGM. SGMs represent the level of profit to be expected on the average farm under 'normal' conditions (discounting, for example, disease outbreaks, fires and floods, adverse weather). From FSS 2010 onward the SGM has been replaced by Standard output (abbreviated as SO) ( according to the Regulation (EC) No 1242/2008. Please find all Standard Gross Margin and Standard output coefficients for each Member State in Eurostat Website at page SO coefficients

Short sea shipping, abbreviated as SSS, is the maritime transport of goods over relatively short distances, as opposed to the intercontinental cross-ocean deep sea shipping. In the context of European Union (EU) transport statistics it is defined as maritime transport of goods between ports in the EU-27 (sometimes also including candidate countries and EFTA countries) on one hand, and ports situated in geographical Europe, on the Mediterranean and Black Seas on the other hand, i.e. ports in.

•EU-27 countries (actually only the 22 maritime Member States: Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom);

•EEA countries (Iceland and Norway);

•candidate countries (Croatia, Montenegro and Turkey);

•the Baltic Sea area (Russia);

•the Mediterranean Sea area (Albania, Algeria, Bosnia–Herzegovina, Egypt, Israel, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Occupied Palestinian territory, Syria, and Tunisia);

•the Black Sea area (Georgia, Moldova, Russia and Ukraine). This definition is derived from Commission Communication COM (1999) 317 final of June 1999 on the development of SSS in Europe (page 2). As a result, short sea shipping also includes feeder services: a short-sea network between ports with the objective of consolidating or redistributing freight to or from a deep sea service in one of these ports, the so-called hub port.

Short-term business statistics, or simply short-term statistics , abbreviated as STS, are a set of indicators, usually with a monthly or quarterly frequency, used for closely tracking the business cycle of an economy (a single country, the European Union or the euro area). In order to be relevant, they have to reflect current developments with the shortest possible delays. STS indicators are important tools for formulating and monitoring economic and monetary policies.

They are in great demand by policy makers (national and regional governments), the European Commission, central banks (particularly the European Central Bank), private enterprises, professional organizations and financial markets. The indicators covered by STS are for example production, turnover, hours worked, number of people employed, gross wages and producer prices. They are collected for the all major sectors of the market economy (industry, construction, trade and services)

Enterprises can be classified in different categories according to their size; for this purpose different criteria may be used (e.g. number of persons employed, employees, balance sheet total, investments, ...), but the one most common in a statistical context is number of persons employed:

• small and medium-sized enterprises, abbreviated as SMEs: fewer than 250 persons employed; SMEs are further subdivided into:

• micro enterprises: fewer than 10 persons employed;

• small enterprises: 10 to 49 persons employed;

• medium-sized enterprises: 50 to 249 persons employed;

• large enterprises: 250 or more persons employed.

Enterprises can be classified in different categories according to their size; for this purpose different criteria may be used (e.g. number of persons employed, employees, balance sheet total, investments, ...), but the one most common in a statistical context is number of persons employed:

• small and medium-sized enterprises, abbreviated as SMEs: fewer than 250 persons employed; SMEs are further subdivided into:

• micro enterprises: fewer than 10 persons employed;

• small enterprises: 10 to 49 persons employed;

• medium-sized enterprises: 50 to 249 persons employed;

• large enterprises: 250 or more persons employed.

Short-term business statistics, or simply short-term statistics , abbreviated as STS, are a set of indicators, usually with a monthly or quarterly frequency, used for closely tracking the business cycle of an economy (a single country, the European Union or the euro area). In order to be relevant, they have to reflect current developments with the shortest possible delays. STS indicators are important tools for formulating and monitoring economic and monetary policies.

They are in great demand by policy makers (national and regional governments), the European Commission, central banks (particularly the European Central Bank), private enterprises, professional organizations and financial markets. The indicators covered by STS are for example production, turnover, hours worked, number of people employed, gross wages and producer prices. They are collected for the all major sectors of the market economy (industry, construction, trade and services).

Social protection receipts are the revenue (income) that is received for the funding of schemes for social protection (also called social safety net or social security) to combat poverty and inequality. These include social contributions, general government contributions, and other receipts.

Employers’ social contributions are the costs that employers have to pay to secure the rights to social benefits for their employees, former employees and their dependents. They may be actual or imputed (given a value), and all employers (resident or non-resident) can pay them.

Enterprises can be classified in different categories according to their size; for this purpose different criteria may be used (e.g. number of persons employed, employees, balance sheet total, investments, ...), but the one most common in a statistical context is number of persons employed:

•small and medium-sized enterprises, abbreviated as SMEs: fewer than 250 persons employed; SMEs are further subdivided into:

•micro enterprises: fewer than 10 persons employed;

•small enterprises: 10 to 49 persons employed;

•medium-sized enterprises: 50 to 249 persons employed;

•large enterprises: 250 or more persons employed.

The number of persons employed should not be confused with employees or full-time equivalents; 'persons employed' includes employees but also working proprietors, partners working regularly in the enterprise and unpaid family workers.

The services producer price index, abbreviated as SPPI, is a business-cycle indicator which measures the gross change in the trading price of a number of services including freight transport, air transport, postal services, telecommunication, computer programming, consultancy services, architecture and engineering, advertising, security services etc (see box). Public services are excluded, as for those services (for example health and education) the notion of price is not obvious and the ways they are provided are very different from country to country. Similar to the industrial producer price index, the SPPI is an output index – it measures price changes from the perspective of the seller.

The SPPIs are used as an aspect of output for the seller and as a cost factor for the buyer

The SPPI covers services provided for all uses, i.e. for intermediate as well as for final consumption. However, the economic service activities for which the SPPI is calculated (see above) are mainly consumed by other businesses for the production of their own goods and services. Inflation experienced by consumers is measured by the harmonised index of consumer prices. The SPPI is an important measure of inflation as services account for over half of modern economies.

It is also employed to analyze the origins of inflation since it shows which services consumed by other businesses might be the sources of price increases. The SPPI is used as well as a deflator for services turnover (measured in current prices) and thus allows calculating a volume indicator for services similar to the volume index of industrial production. The SPPI is calculated on a quarterly basis, EU data are available from 2006 on.

A port is a place having facilities for merchant ships to moor and to load or unload cargo or to disembark or embark passengers to or from vessels, usually directly to a pier.A statistical port consists of one or more ports, normally controlled by a single port authority, able to record ship and cargo movements.A hub port is a port served by deep sea scheduled shipping and by scheduled short sea shipping.

Structural business statistics, sometimes abbreviated as SBS, describe the structure, activity, competitiveness and performance of economic activities within the business economy down to the detailed level of several hundred sectors. In broad terms, SBS are compiled from information concerning units engaged in economic activity; the types of statistical units observed are mainly enterprises, although local units are often used for regional SBS, and some industrial SBS data relate to the kind-of-activity unit. These data are collected within the context of Council Regulation 58/97 on structural business statistics.

SBS cover the business economy, which includes industry, construction and services. Because of their specific nature and the limited availability of most types of standard business statistics, financial services are included in SBS but treated separately. SBS do not cover agriculture, forestry and fishing, nor public administration and (to a large extent) non-market services such as education and health. See also the more detailed theme introduction article: structural business statistics introduced.

Structural indicators (SI) are used to underpin the European Commission’s analysis in an annual progress report to the European Council on the implementation of the Lisbon Strategy. In 2005, the Commission presented a new approach to the Lisbon strategy, with a greater focus on growth and jobs.

From 2010 a revised set of structural indicators is to be used for the monitoring of the EU 2020 Strategy, the successor to the Lisbon Strategy.

The list of structural indicators covers six broad domains:

•general economic background,

•employment,

•innovation and research,

•economic reform,

•social cohesion,

•environment.

Labour cost or total labour cost is the total expenditure borne by employers for employing staff. Total labour cost consists of: employee compensation (including wages, salaries in cash and in kind, employers’ social security contributions); vocational training costs; other expenditure such as recruitment costs, spending on working clothes and employment taxes regarded as labour costs; minus any subsidies received.

Eurostat publishes annually the following three core indicators: average monthly labour cost: total labour cost per month divided by the corresponding number of employees (including apprentices), expressed as fulltime equivalents; average hourly labour cost: total labour cost divided by the corresponding number of hours worked; structure of labour cost: wages and salaries, employers’ social security contributions and other labour costs, expressed as a percentage of total labour cost. Beside these annual labour cost data collection Eurostat also publishes the detailed results of the four-yearly Labour cost survey (LCS) and the series of the quarterly labour cost index (LCI).

The Eurostat definition closely follows the international one laid down by the International Conference of Labour Statisticians (Geneva, 1966) in its resolution on the statistics of labour cost. The labour cost includes both direct and indirect costs. Direct costs (compensation of employees): gross wages and salaries paid in cash; direct remuneration (pay) and bonuses; wages and salaries in kind (company products, housing, company cars, meal vouchers, crèches, etc.).

Direct costs are dominated by wages and salaries paid in cash. Indirect costs: employers’ actual social contributions (i.e. statutory, collectively agreed, contractual and voluntary social security contributions); employers’ imputed social contributions (mostly guaranteed pay in the event of sickness or short-time working, plus severance pay and compensation instead of notice); vocational training costs; recruitment costs and work clothes given by the employer; taxes paid by the employer (based on their wages and salaries bill or on the numbers they employ) minus subsidies received by the employer (intended to refund part or all of the cost of direct pay). Indirect costs are dominated by employers’ actual social contributions, in particular by employers’ statutory social security contributions.

Surplus means in general that the sum or balance of positive and negative amounts is positive, or that the total of positives is larger than the total of negatives. Surplus can be used in different statistical areas:

•in balance of payments statistics, it refers to the balance of credit (positive) and debit (negative) transactions of a given economy with the rest of the world, organized in two different accounts: the current account; and the capital and financial account;

•in external trade statistics, it refers to the trade balance of imports (negative, as they have to be paid for) and exports (positive, because they yield revenue), which may result in a trade surplus;

•in government finance statistics, it refers to the public balance between government revenue and expenditure, a budget deficit when negative.

The surplus or deficit is defined on the basis of the national accounts balancing item net lending (+)/ net borrowing (-).

Enterprise survival occurs when an enterprise is active and identifiable both before and after a specific (business) demographic event. The enterprise may be changed in some way, e.g. in terms of economic activity, size, ownership or location, but there should be continuity of the enterprise reference number in the statistical business register.

Enterprise survival rate of newly-born enterprises in a given reference period is the number of enterprises that were born in year xx-n and survived to year xx as a percentage of all enterprises born in year xx-n.

Tax revenue is typically the major source of government revenue. In national accounts, taxes are defined as compulsory, unrequited payments levied by general government - or in a few cases by the EU institutions. Tax revenue includes taxes on production and imports, current taxes on income, wealth, etc., capital taxes and social contributions. Overview and definition Total tax revenue is an aggregate comprising: taxes on production and imports, such as value added tax (VAT), import duties, excise duties and consumption taxes, stamp taxes, payroll taxes, taxes on pollution, and others; current taxes on income, wealth, etc., such as corporate and personal income taxes, taxes on holding gains, payments by households for licences to own or use cars, hunt or fish, current taxes on capital that are paid periodically, and others; capital taxes, such as inheritance taxes, death duties and taxes on gifts and capital levies that are occasional or exceptional; actual social contributions paid on a compulsory or voluntary basis by employers or employees or the self- or non-employed to insure against social risks (sickness, invalidity, disability, old age, survivors, family and maternity); imputed (or implicit) social contributions payable under unfunded social insurance schemes (in which employers pay social benefits to their employees, ex-employees or their dependants out of their own resources without creating special reserve for the purpose); households' social contribution supplements less social insurance scheme service charges.

The calculation of total tax revenue must be reduced by the amount of taxes and social contributions assessed as unlikely to be collected. Taxes may be classified as indirect taxes, such as taxes on production and imports, and direct taxes, such as taxes on income and wealth and capital gains tax, according to the European system of national and regional accounts. Time of recording According to ESA2010, taxes and social contributions should be recorded on an accrual basis. ESA2010 details the rules to be followed on the time of recording and the amounts to be recorded. Two methods can be used: 'timeadjusted' cash − the cash is attributed when the activity took place to generate the tax liability or when the amount of taxes was determined in the case of some income taxes. This adjustment may be based on the average time difference between the activity and cash receipt; a method based on declarations and assessments. In this case, an adjustment needs to be made for amounts assessed or declared but unlikely to be collected. These amounts have to be eliminated from government revenue, either by using a tax-specific coefficient based on past experience and future expectations or by recording a capital transfer for the same adjustment (ESA2010 code D.995) to the relevant sectors.

ESA2010 classifications and codes

•D.2: TAXES ON PRODUCTION AND IMPORTS;

•D.21: Taxes on products;

•D.211: Value added type taxes (VAT) ;

•D.212: Taxes and duties on imports excluding VAT

•D.214: Taxes on products, except VAT and import taxes

•D.29: Other taxes on production ;

•D.5: CURRENT TAXES ON INCOME, WEALTH, ETC.;

•D.51: Taxes on income;

•D.59: Other current taxes;

•D.91: Capital Taxes;

•D.61: NET SOCIAL CONTRIBUTIONS;

•D.611: Employers' social contributions;;

•D.612: Imputed social contributions;

•D.613: Households' social contributions;

•D.614: Households' social contribution supplements;

•D.61SC Social insurance scheme service charges ;

•D.995: Capital transfers from general government to relevant sectors representing taxes and social contributions assessed but unlikely to be collected;

TOTAL (D.2_D.5_D.91_D.61_M_D.995): total receipts from taxes and social contributions (including imputed social contributions) after deduction of amounts assessed but unlikely to be collected. Tax revenue by economic function An alternative classification of taxes may be made according to their economic function. Since this split does not correspond fully with the national accounts (ESA 2010 and SNA 08) breakdown of taxes, it is undertaken specifically for each Member State of the European Union (EU) annually. The results are published in a report entitled 'Taxation trends in the European Union. Data for the EU Member States and Norway'.

Breakdown of taxes by economic function (based on the sources mentioned above) is as follows:

•taxes on consumption, i.e. levied on transactions between final consumers and producers and on the final consumption goods, such as VAT, taxes and duties on imports excluding VAT, stamp taxes, taxes on financial and capital transactions, taxes on international transactions, on pollution, undercompensation of VAT, poll and expenditure taxes, payments by households for licences;

•taxes on labour – on employed labour, i.e. taxes directly linked to wages and mostly withheld at source, paid by employees and employers, including compulsory social contributions and on non-employed labour income, i.e. all taxes and compulsory social contributions raised on transfer income of nonemployed people, where these could be identified (e.g. unemployment and healthcare benefits);

•taxes on capital – defined as taxes on capital and business income that economic agents earn or receive from domestic resources or from abroad (e.g. corporate income tax, tax on income and social contributions of the selfemployed, taxes on holding gains) and taxes on capital stock that include the wealth tax (paid periodically on the ownership and use of land or buildings by owners, and current taxes on net wealth and on other assets, such as jewellery and other external signs of wealth), capital taxes, real estate tax, taxes on use of fixed assets, professional and business licences and some taxes on products. Implicit tax rates measure the actual or effective tax burden levied on different types of economic income or activities that could potentially be taxed. They are computed as the ratio of total tax revenues of the specific economic category (consumption, labour and capital) to a proxy of the potential tax base defined using the production and income accounts of national accounts.

Twenty-foot equivalent unit, abbreviated as TEU, is a unit of volume used in maritime transport statistics, equivalent to a 20-foot ISO container.

A tonne-kilometre, abbreviated as tkm, is a unit of measure of freight transport which represents the transport of one tonne of goods (including packaging and tare weights of intermodal transport units) by a given transport mode (road, rail, air, sea, inland waterways, pipeline etc.) over a distance of one kilometre. Only the distance on the national territory of the reporting country is taken into account for national, international and transit transport.

Tonne(s) of oil equivalent, abbreviated as toe, is a normalized unit of energy. By convention it is equivalent to the approximate amount of energy that can be extracted from one tonne of crude oil. It is a standardized unit, assigned a net calorific value of 41 868 kilojoules/kg and may be used to compare the energy from different sources.

Other energy carriers can be converted into tonnes of oil equivalent (toe) using the following conversion factors:

•1 t diesel = 1,01 toe;

•1 m3 diesel = 0,98 toe;

•1 t petrol = 1,05 toe ;

•1 m3 petrol = 0,86 toe ;

•1 t biodiesel = 0,86 toe ;

•1 m3 biodiesel = 0,78 toe ;

•1 t bioethanol = 0,64 toe ;

•1 m3 bioethanol = 0,51 toe

A tonne-kilometre, abbreviated as tkm, is a unit of measure of freight transport which represents the transport of one tonne of goods (including packaging and tare weights of intermodal transport units) by a given transport mode (road, rail, air, sea, inland waterways, pipeline etc.) over a distance of one kilometre. Only the distance on the national territory of the reporting country is taken into account for national, international and transit transport.

A tonne-kilometre, abbreviated as tkm, is a unit of measure of freight transport which represents the transport of one tonne of goods (including packaging and tare weights of intermodal transport units) by a given transport mode (road, rail, air, sea, inland waterways, pipeline etc.) over a distance of one kilometre. Only the distance on the national territory of the reporting

Total crime include offences against the penal code or criminal code. Less serious crimes (misdemeanours) are generally excluded.

Life expectancy at a certain age is the mean additional number of years that a person of that age can expect to live, if subjected throughout the rest of his or her life to the current mortality conditions (age-specific probabilities of dying, i.e. the death rates observed for the current period). Life expectancy being expressed as the number of years persons of different ages may expect to live, starting from age zero, life expectancy at birth is the mean number of years a newborn child can expect to live if subjected throughout his or her life to the current mortality conditions, the probabilities of dying at each age.

Any later age can also be chosen as a starting point; the total expected life span is then this age plus the life expectancy at that age, the number of years a person of that age may expect to live if mortality patterns stay unchanged. Life expectancy is normally calculated separately for all age levels, as well as for males, females and the total population

Fertility is the ability to conceive (become pregnant) and give birth to children. The total fertility rate is defined as the mean number of children who would be born to a woman during her lifetime, if she were to spend her childbearing years conforming to the age-specific fertility rates, that have been measured in a given year.

The age-specific fertility rate or the fertility rate by age of mother is the number of births to mothers of age x proportional to the average female population of age x.

Gross electricity generation or gross electricity production refers to the process of producing electrical energy. It is the total amount of electrical energy produced by transforming other forms of energy, for example nuclear or wind power.

It is commonly expressed in gigawatt hours (GWh) i.e. 1 billion (10^9) watt-hours. Total gross electricity generation covers gross electricity generation in all types of power plants. The gross electricity generation at plant level is defined as the electricity measured at the outlet of the main transformers, i.e. including the amount of electricity used in the plant auxiliaries and in the transformers.

Labour cost or total labour cost is the total expenditure borne by employers for employing staff.

Total labour cost consists of:

•employee compensation (including wages, salaries in cash and in kind, employers’ social security contributions);

•vocational training costs;

•other expenditure such as recruitment costs, spending on working clothes and employment taxes regarded as labour costs;

•minus any subsidies received. Eurostat publishes annually the following three core indicators:

•average monthly labour cost: total labour cost per month divided by the corresponding number of employees (including apprentices), expressed as fulltime equivalents; •average hourly labour cost: total labour cost divided by the corresponding number of hours worked;

•structure of labour cost: wages and salaries, employers’ social security contributions and other labour costs, expressed as a percentage of total labour cost. Beside these annual labour cost data collection Eurostat also publishes the detailed results of the four-yearly Labour cost survey (LCS) and the series of the quarterly labour cost index (LCI). The Eurostat definition closely follows the international one laid down by the International Conference of Labour Statisticians (Geneva, 1966) in its resolution on the statistics of labour cost. The labour cost includes both direct and indirect costs.

•Direct costs (compensation of employees): ◦gross wages and salaries paid in cash; ◦direct remuneration (pay) and bonuses; ◦wages and salaries in kind (company products, housing, company cars, meal vouchers, crèches, etc.). Direct costs are dominated by wages and salaries paid in cash.

•Indirect costs: ◦employers’ actual social contributions (i.e. statutory, collectively agreed, contractual and voluntary social security contributions); ◦employers’ imputed social contributions (mostly guaranteed pay in the event of sickness or short-time working, plus severance pay and compensation instead of notice); ◦vocational training costs; ◦recruitment costs and work clothes given by the employer; ◦taxes paid by the employer (based on their wages and salaries bill or on the numbers they employ) ◦minus subsidies received by the employer (intended to refund part or all of the cost of direct pay). Indirect costs are dominated by employers’ actual social contributions, in particular by employers’ statutory social security contributions. Labour cost or total labour cost is the total expenditure borne by employers for employing staff. Total labour cost consists of:

•employee compensation (including wages, salaries in cash and in kind, employers’ social security contributions);

•vocational training costs;

•other expenditure such as recruitment costs, spending on working clothes and employment taxes regarded as labour costs;

•minus any subsidies received. Eurostat publishes annually the following three core indicators:

•average monthly labour cost: total labour cost per month divided by the corresponding number of employees (including apprentices), expressed as fulltime equivalents; •average hourly labour cost: total labour cost divided by the corresponding number of hours worked;

•structure of labour cost: wages and salaries, employers’ social security contributions and other labour costs, expressed as a percentage of total labour cost. Beside these annual labour cost data collection Eurostat also publishes the detailed results of the four-yearly Labour cost survey (LCS) and the series of the quarterly labour cost index (LCI). The Eurostat definition closely follows the international one laid down by the International Conference of Labour Statisticians (Geneva, 1966) in its resolution on the statistics of labour cost. The labour cost includes both direct and indirect costs.

•Direct costs (compensation of employees): ◦gross wages and salaries paid in cash; ◦direct remuneration (pay) and bonuses; ◦wages and salaries in kind (company products, housing, company cars, meal vouchers, crèches, etc.). Direct costs are dominated by wages and salaries paid in cash.

•Indirect costs: ◦employers’ actual social contributions (i.e. statutory, collectively agreed, contractual and voluntary social security contributions); ◦employers’ imputed social contributions (mostly guaranteed pay in the event of sickness or short-time working, plus severance pay and compensation instead of notice); ◦vocational training costs; ◦recruitment costs and work clothes given by the employer; ◦taxes paid by the employer (based on their wages and salaries bill or on the numbers they employ) ◦minus subsidies received by the employer (intended to refund part or all of the cost of direct pay).

Indirect costs are dominated by employers’ actual social contributions, in particular by employers’ statutory social security contributions.

The population figure, or total population or simply population, of a given area is the total number of people in that area at a given time. For the population figures compiled by Eurostat from the data provided by European Union (EU) Member States, that time is 1st January and the resulting figure is called population on 1 January. The recommended definition is the usual resident population, representing the number of inhabitants of a given area on 1st January of the year in question (or, in some cases, on 31st December of the previous year).

The population can be based on data from the most recent census adjusted by the components of population change produced since the last census, or based on population registers. The average population during a calendar year is calculated as the arithmetic mean of the population on 1st January of two consecutive years. The average population is further used in the calculation of demographic indicators, like the crude rates per 1 000 inhabitants, and for some 'per capita' indicators.

Total purchases of goods and services include the value of all goods and services purchased during the accounting period for resale or consumption in the production process, excluding capital goods (the consumption of which is registered as consumption of fixed capital).

The total age-dependency ratio is a measure of the age structure of the population. It relates the number of individuals who are likely to be “dependent” on the support of others for their daily living – the young and the elderly – to the number of those individuals who are capable of providing this support.The total-age-dependency ratio is the ratio of the sum of the number of young and the number of elderly people at an age when both groups are generally economically inactive, (i.e. under 15 years of age and aged 65 and over), compared to the number of people of working age (i.e. 15-64 years old). It is the sum of the two ratios, the young-age-dependency ratio and the old-agedependency ratio.

Tourism intensity is the ratio of nights spent at tourist accommodation establishments relative to the total permanent resident population of the area.

A night spent or tourist night (overnight stay) is each night a guest / tourist (resident or non-resident) actually spends (sleeps or stays) in a tourist accommodation establishment or non-rented accommodation.

The trade balance is the difference between the value of the goods that a country (or another geographic or economic area such as the European Union (EU) or the euro area) exports and the value of the goods that it imports. If exports exceed imports then the country has a trade surplus and the trade balance is said to be positive. If imports exceed exports, the country or area has a trade deficit and its trade balance is said to be negative. However, the words ‘positive’ and ‘negative’ have only a numerical meaning and do not necessarily reflect whether the economy of a country or area is performing well or not.

A trade deficit may for instance reflect an increase in domestic demand for goods destined for consumption and/or production. The total trade balance, including all goods exported and imported, is one of the major components of the balance of payments. A big surplus or deficit for a single product or product category can show a particular national competitive advantage or disadvantage in the world market for goods.

The trade balance is the difference between the value of the goods that a country (or another geographic or economic area such as the European Union (EU) or the euro area) exports and the value of the goods that it imports. If exports exceed imports then the country has a trade surplus and the trade balance is said to be positive. If imports exceed exports, the country or area has a trade deficit and its trade balance is said to be negative.

However, the words ‘positive’ and ‘negative’ have only a numerical meaning and do not necessarily reflect whether the economy of a country or area is performing well or not. A trade deficit may for instance reflect an increase in domestic demand for goods destined for consumption and/or production. The total trade balance, including all goods exported and imported, is one of the major components of the balance of payments. A big surplus or deficit for a single product or product category can show a particular national competitive advantage or disadvantage in the world market for goods.

The trade balance is the difference between the value of the goods that a country (or another geographic or economic area such as the European Union (EU) or the euro area) exports and the value of the goods that it imports. If exports exceed imports then the country has a trade surplus and the trade balance is said to be positive. If imports exceed exports, the country or area has a trade deficit and its trade balance is said to be negative. However, the words ‘positive’ and ‘negative’ have only a numerical meaning and do not necessarily reflect whether the economy of a country or area is performing well or not.

A trade deficit may for instance reflect an increase in domestic demand for goods destined for consumption and/or production. The total trade balance, including all goods exported and imported, is one of the major components of the balance of payments. A big surplus or deficit for a single product or product category can show a particular national competitive advantage or disadvantage in the world market for goods.

Turnover, in the context of structural business statistics, comprises the totals invoiced by the observation unit during the reference period, and this corresponds to the total value of market sales of goods and services to third parties.

Turnover includes:

•all duties and taxes on the goods or services invoiced by the unit with the exception of the value-added tax (VAT) invoiced by the unit vis-à-vis its customer and other similar deductible taxes directly linked to turnover;

•all other charges (transport, packaging, etc.) passed on to the customer, even if these charges are listed separately on the invoice.

Reductions in price, rebates and discounts as well as the value of returned packing must be deducted. Excluded are:

•income classified as other operating income, financial income and extraordinary income in company accounts; •operating subsidies received from public authorities or the institutions of the European Union (EU).

Short-term business statistics provide turnover indicators for industry, trade and services. As defined in Commission Regulation 1503/2006 of 28 September 2006 turnover comprises the total invoiced by the statistical unit (observation unit) during the reference period.

It includes all charges such as packaging and transport even if they are listed separately in the invoice. Turnover does not include VAT and similar deductible taxes. Turnover should be calculated on the basis of actual prices (including e.g. rebates and discounts) and not on the basis of list prices. However short-term statistics do not take into accounts price reductions etc. that are given to clients at a later moment (e.g. at the end of the year).

Same examples of items usually included in turnover are:

•Sales of manufactured products

•Sales of goods purchased for resale (esp. in trade)

•Sales of by-products

•Charges for packaging

•Invoiced services such as installation Same examples of items that are usually excluded from turnover are:

•VAT and similar deductible taxes

•Leases and rentals

•Receipts from staff facilities (e.g. canteens)

•Sales of own land and fixed asses

•Extraordinary income

Twenty-foot equivalent unit, abbreviated as TEU, is a unit of volume used in maritime transport statistics, equivalent to a 20-foot ISO container.

An underemployed part-time worker is a person aged 15-74 working part-time who would like to work additional hours and is available to do so. Part-time work is recorded as self-reported by individuals. This statistical indicator covers persons who, in spite of being employed, do not work full-time and lack a sufficient volume of work, which is somewhat similar to being unemployed.

The part-time requirement in the definition is important because the people who work full-time and still want to work more hours have a different profile: in spite of working many hours they have insufficient income; underemployed part-time, on the other hand, highlights situations of insufficient volume of work and underutilised labour among persons already employed.

An under-occupied dwelling is a dwelling deemed to be too large for the needs of the household living in it, in terms of excess rooms and more specifically bedrooms. Under-occupation is opposed to a situation of overcrowding. The classic cause of under-occupation is older individuals or couples remaining in their home after their children have grown up and left; family breakdown can also result in under-occupation.

For statistical purposes, a dwelling is defined as under-occupied if the household living in it has at its disposal more than the minimum number of rooms considered adequate, and equal to: one room for the household; one room per couple in the household; one room for each single person aged 18 or more; one room per pair of single people of the same gender between 12 and 17 years of age; one room for each single person between 12 and 17 years of age and not included in the previous category; one room per pair of children under 12 years of age

An under-occupied dwelling is a dwelling deemed to be too large for the needs of the household living in it, in terms of excess rooms and more specifically bedrooms. Under-occupation is opposed to a situation of overcrowding. The classic cause of under-occupation is older individuals or couples remaining in their home after their children have grown up and left; family breakdown can also result in under-occupation.

For statistical purposes, a dwelling is defined as under-occupied if the household living in it has at its disposal more than the minimum number of rooms considered adequate, and equal to: one room for the household; one room per couple in the household; one room for each single person aged 18 or more; one room per pair of single people of the same gender between 12 and 17 years of age; one room for each single person between 12 and 17 years of age and not included in the previous category; one room per pair of children under 12 years of age

A person is considered underweight if he or she has a body mass index (BMI) smaller than 18.5.

An unemployed person is defined by Eurostat, according to the guidelines of the International Labour Organization, as: someone aged 15 to 74 (in Italy, Spain, the United Kingdom, Iceland, Norway: 16 to 74 years); without work during the reference week; available to start work within the next two weeks (or has already found a job to start within the next three months); actively having sought employment at some time during the last four weeks.

The unemployment rate is the number of people unemployed as a percentage of the labour force.

An unemployed person is defined by Eurostat, according to the guidelines of the International Labour Organization, as: someone aged 15 to 74 (in Italy, Spain, the United Kingdom, Iceland, Norway: 16 to 74 years); without work during the reference week; available to start work within the next two weeks (or has already found a job to start within the next three months); actively having sought employment at some time during the last four weeks.

The unemployment rate is the number of people unemployed as a percentage of the labour force

The unemployment rate is the number of people unemployed as a percentage of the labour force.

Employment rate dispersion is the coefficient of variation of regional employment rates in a country, weighted by the absolute population (active population) of each region.

Within the context of structural business statistics (SBS), personnel costs are defined as the total remuneration, in cash or in kind, payable by an employer to an employee (regular and temporary employees, as well as home-workers) in return for work done by the latter during the reference period. Personnel costs are made up of wages, salaries and employers' social security costs.

They include taxes and employees' social security contributions retained by the employer, as well as the employer's compulsory and voluntary social contributions. Average personnel costs (or unit labour costs) equal personnel costs divided by the number of employees (persons who are paid and have an employment contract).

The population figure, or total population or simply population, of a given area is the total number of people in that area at a given time. For the population figures compiled by Eurostat from the data provided by European Union (EU) Member States, that time is 1st January and the resulting figure is called population on 1 January. The recommended definition is the usual resident population, representing the number of inhabitants of a given area on 1st January of the year in question (or, in some cases, on 31st December of the previous year).

The population can be based on data from the most recent census adjusted by the components of population change produced since the last census, or based on population registers. The average population during a calendar year is calculated as the arithmetic mean of the population on 1st January of two consecutive years. The average population is further used in the calculation of demographic indicators, like the crude rates per 1 000 inhabitants, and for some 'per capita' indicators.

Violent crime is defined as violence against the person (such as physical assault), robbery (stealing by force or by threat of force), and sexual offences (including rape and sexual assault).

The production index is a business cycle indicator which aims to measure changes in value added at factor cost of industry and construction over a given reference period. It does this by measuring changes in the volume of output and activity at close and regular intervals, usually monthly. However, the monthly data necessary for the collection of this index are often unavailable. In practice, suitable proxy values for the calculation of the production index are needed. The production index should also take into account: •changes in type and quality of the commodities and of the input materials;

•changes in stocks of finished goods and services, and work in progress;

•changes in technical input-output relations (processing techniques);

•services, such as assembly of production units, repairs or planning. Within industry, these may include:

•gross production values (deflated);

•production volumes (physical quantities data);

•turnover (deflated);

•work input;

•raw material input;

•energy input. Within construction they may consist of:

•input data (consumption of typical raw materials, energy or labour);

•output data (production quantities, deflated production values, or deflated sales values).

In construction, separate production indices for building construction and civil engineering are calculated, according to the Classification of types of construction (CC).

The volume of sales index, more commonly called the index of the volume of (retail) sales, is the value of retail sales in terms of its volume. The volume of sales index is a volume measure of the retail trade turnover index. In order to eliminate the price effect on turnover in the retail trade, a deflator of sales is used. This sales deflator is an index with a similar methodology to that of an output price index but it is adapted specifically for the retail trade.

It reflects price changes in the goods sold rather than the sales service provided. It should be noted that the volume of sales is different from the volume of retail trade services. The latter takes into account changes in the quality of the trade service supplied. As such, the sales volume is conceptually different from the production index which takes into account quality changes.

Water use refers to water actually used by end users (e.g. households, services, agriculture, industry) within a territory for a specific purpose such as domestic use, irrigation or industrial processing.

Water supply, in contrast, is the delivery of water to end users including abstraction for own final use.

The indicator persons living in households with low work intensity is defined as the number of persons living in a household having a work intensity between 0.20 and 0.45. The work intensity of a household is the ratio of the total number of months that all working-age household members have worked during the income reference year and the total number of months the same household members theoretically could have worked in the same period. A working-age person is a person aged 18-59 years, with the exclusion of students in the age group between 18 and 24 years.

Households composed only of children, of students aged less then 25 and/or people aged 60 or more are completely excluded from the indicator calculation.

The indicator young people neither in employment nor in education and training, abbreviated as NEET, corresponds to the percentage of the population of a given age group and sex who is not employed and not involved in further education or training. The numerator of the indicator refers to persons meeting these two conditions:

•they are not employed (i.e. unemployed or inactive according to the International Labour Organisation definition);

•they have not received any education or training in the four weeks preceding the survey.

The denominator is the total population of the same age group and sex, excluding the respondents who have not answered the question 'participation to regular education and training'.

Youth education attainment level is defined as the percentage of 20- to 24-yearolds who have successfully completed at least an upper secondary education. This educational attainment refers to ISCED (International Standard Classification of Education) 2011 level 3-8 for data from 2014 onwards and to ISCED 1997 level 3-6 for data up to 2013. This statistical indicator is calculated by dividing the number of young people who meet this attainment level (numerator) by the total population of the 20-24 age group (denominator); without however counting in this total population those who gave 'no answer' to the Labour force survey question on the ‘highest level of education successfully completed’.

Youth unemployment includes all the youth (i.e people between the ages of 15 and 24, inclusive) who are unemployed. Youth unemployment rate is the percentage of the unemployed in the age group 15 to 24 years old compared to the total labour force (both employed and unemployed) in that age group. However, it should be remembered that a large share of people between these ages are outside the labour market (since many youths are studying full time and thus are not available for work), which explains why youth unemployment rates are generally higher than overall unemployment rates, or those of other age groups.

For this reason the youth unemployment ratio is often used: the percentage of unemployed young people compared to the total population of that age group (not only the active, but also the inactive such as students).

Youth unemployment includes all the youth (i.e people between the ages of 15 and 24, inclusive) who are unemployed. Youth unemployment rate is the percentage of the unemployed in the age group 15 to 24 years old compared to the total labour force (both employed and unemployed) in that age group.

However, it should be remembered that a large share of people between these ages are outside the labour market (since many youths are studying full time and thus are not available for work), which explains why youth unemployment rates are generally higher than overall unemployment rates, or those of other age groups. For this reason the youth unemployment ratio is often used: the percentage of unemployed young people compared to the total population of that age group (not only the active, but also the inactive such as students).